Peter Gatrell teaches history at the University of Manchester where he is also affiliated to the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute. He is the author of a trilogy of books on refugee history, including A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War 1 (1999) and The Making of the Modern Refugee (2013). His edited book on the European refugee crisis during the First World War will appear in June 2017. He is currently writing a history of migration in/to Europe since 1945, for Penguin Books and Basic Books.