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… on a mix of public and private pensions. Like it or not, company pensions are part of public policy. This struggle … private benefits and social responsibility has deep roots. Since the 1890s, American firms have instituted a range of … old-age security, but these were mainly posturing. Among companies claiming to offer pensions, 84 percent did not …

… chapter two by the motivations and actions that led to the coming of the Ten Years' War. In chapter three, Lendon … of timê, and continues in chapters four through eight discussing various campaigns within the larger war, concluding … in the political dimension. If one Greek state gave a command to another, this usually implied that the commanded …

… in 428 was still a "real entity" and not a "mere concept," since it was the "key reference point" for all of our … sphere of influence. In this context Flavius Dionysius, commander of Rome's eastern military forces and a native of …

… it will be yet another transformation of a holiday that since its inception in the early 20th century, has undergone … break with socialist tradition. Though ideologically committed to human equality, socialists had long argued that … On March 18, 1911, the fortieth anniversary of the Paris Commune, International Women’s Day was marked for the first …

… The Social Democratic/Green government in Germany is discussing how quickly to close down its remaining nineteen … of 1989 in eastern and central Europe and the collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union in 1991 brought an end to the … know about, there are several other nations which hope to become nuclear powers in the near future. Add to this those …

… 35 years ago, when National Security Adviser Henry A. Kissinger announced it about Vietnam. We long to hear it again … it. Halfway through his first term, he secretly decided to complete American troop withdrawals around election time. … off final withdrawal. If Bush follows the Nixon game plan completely, next year he will launch a big bombing campaign …

… Yehudai turns this historical narrative on its head, focusing on Jewish out-migration from Palestine and Israel … Dr. Nicholas Breyfogle   Welcome to Leaving Zion: Jewish Emigration from Palestine and … Yehudai, turns this historical narrative on its head, focusing on Jewish out-migration from Palestine and Israel …

… about this theory. What is originalism? Where did it come from? Is it a good or workable theory of constitutional … violence.”  The Founders were thinking of popular uprisings such as Shays’ Rebellion, an agrarian insurrection … two of the co-authors of The Federalist , the contemporary commentary on the Constitution they published, disagreed …

… political and social issues, many attributed the outcome of the 2016 election to the frustrations of just 15% of … Jessica Blissit   Welcome to History Talk , the podcast that brings together a … or Stephen would and that in the sense that they're focusing on cultural things, what defines people and say, how …

… his hair, by utilizing Delilah, history’s first female spy. Since then, as this list shows, espionage became more complex and increasingly valuable. The times change, but … Townsend, along with Washington, shared a secret code to communicate that Tallmadge devised. Townsend ran a coffee …

… a national security threat. While the order legally encompassed Germans and Italians, in practice only the … and culture, but unlike the Japanese they do not share a single “race” or one “Arab” physical appearance. Even … internment, once it began, was relatively easy to accomplish, it met fierce resistance from the U.S. attorney …

… Several bomb blasts accompanied Hillary Clinton’s recent trip to Pakistan. This … was a wake-up call in more ways than one. The moment had come for Clinton to act more boldly as the nation’s top … Shultz established himself as the most successful secretary since Acheson. It was no accident that the Cold War ended …

… Most people in the United States have at least some passing knowledge of the persecution of early Christians–after … of the early martyrs are wildly exaggerated, if not completely fictional. But later, better documented deaths … 26 Roman Catholics were crucified in Japan in 1597. Compared with this, a single blasphemous painting seems …

… What is the afterlife of an old communist statue? Just what to do with all the Soviet-era … striking in the post-socialist reincarnation of these imposing structures is the seeming randomness of how the … Take, for example, Bulgaria. The Bulgarian communist leader Todor Zhivkov was removed from power on 10 November 1989, a …

… to expand NATO is based on an outdated crusade against communism, a crusade launched against the Soviet Union in … collapsed in 1991 just as the Austro-Hungarian empire disintegrated in 1919, at the end of World War I. Expansion of … not only unnecessary, it is based on devotion to past anti-communist cliches. In addition, based on the experience of …

… giving a speech in Moscow. This government had ruled Russia since Tsar Nicholas II’s abdication the preceding February, … Over the next three years, the Bolsheviks (soon renamed Communists) would have to win power in a bloody civil war … liberal democracy and capitalism. But many on the left welcomed the Revolution as the start of a new era, with harmony …

… and the Equal Rights Amendment being well on its way to becoming the newest tenant of the US Constitution. But it was … to the post war baby boom, which made more space for increasing family sizes desirable, and veteran benefits like low … Depression and big families could live on dad's single income in the new suburbs, most women didn't have to work. …

… economic distress wrought by swashbuckling capitalism. As Commanders-in-Chief and liberal Protestants, the … overthrow dictator Muammar Qaddafi themselves. Libya's uprising began in February 2011. It was a byproduct of the Arab … idea of the American sacred-secular world mission, combined in Obama's case with the influence of …