Isacar A. Bolaños is an Assistant Professor in the Department of History at California State University, Long Beach. He specializes in the environmental history of the late Ottoman Empire. He is currently working on a monograph entitled The Nature of an Ottoman Frontier: Technology and Environmental Management in Late Ottoman Iraq, 1831-1917, which examines the Ottoman state’s efforts to solidify its rule in the Iraqi frontier through the use of technologies aimed at improved environmental management during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.