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A U.S. Coast Guard boat approaches a sailboat with over 90 Haitian refugees in 1988. The refugees were later returned to Haiti.

Who is responsible for the Elian Gonzalez case?

… fair to most Americans. After all, Fidel Castro was a Communist dictator. The United States had to open its doors … to hold the Cubans in camps.   By September 1994, about 20-30,000 Cubans were interned on Guantanamo and in Panama.  … refugees sat interned in camps. But only the Cubans stood a good chance of staying in the United States.   The American …
 In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch Book Cover.

In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement

Review of In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
… trial. Lienesch's introduction to social movement theory will be interesting and informative for those unfamiliar with such theory. Lienesch's comparisons of the antievolution movement to other social … about "intelligent design," meanwhile, should find a good starting point for their research in his last chapter …
The view of Dresden and the Elbe River from the very top of the Frauenkirche.

A Postcard from Dresden, Germany: Living in the Shadow of World War II

… or “Old Town,” is relatively new. This area had to be completely rebuilt after its destruction during  World War … of the Altstadt from the other side of the Elbe is commonly referred to as the “Canaletto View,” after the … Nazis  immediately used the bombing to create propaganda against the Allied forces because the attack on Dresden …
A bison in Yellowstone National Park.

Why the Buffalo Still Roam

… wild — the hounded remnant of a herd that once numbered 30 million. Almost no one believed the buffalo could be … ethics of the robber barons. Between 1871 and 1883, commercial hide hunters slaughtered buffalo by the millions. … On May 1, 2007, a buffalo calf on APF’s Montana reserve will turn one year old. The calf is the first genetically …
President George Bush signing deregulation papers with gas company employees looking on

Texas, Enron, and Energy Monopolies

… from Texas of a severe cold snap that left icicles hanging off ceiling fans and stories of families going days without … least some of the blame can go to the now-disgraced energy company, Enron, and its misuse of long-held American … images of the financial slight of hand that ruined the company in 2001. But before that point, both Ken Lay and …
A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street after its fall in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Who Will Pay for Iraq and When?

… it takes you to read this article, the American government will have spent $700,000 on the war. The war has cost $200 … of taxing citizens. Lotteries, an essential source of income for 42 states today, helped pay for the Revolutionary … more money, as did sales of savings bonds. And those were “good” wars. Controversial wars, such as the Iraq war today, …
A COVID-19 antigen testing center in Warora, Maharashtra, India.

The Deep Roots of India’s COVID-19 Crisis

… to find oxygen, medication, and hospital beds. The official daily death toll now nears 4,000, and this is … patients’ access to lifesaving medical assistance, all compounded by the emergence of a new variant that may be … to challenge the underlying health inequities that have become so glaringly apparent in India’s second coronavirus …
U.S. Supreme Court building.

Tearing Down the “Wall of Separation between Church and State”

… inaccurate, always misapplied metaphor that unnecessarily complicates our thinking surrounding religion and politics.  … Amendment easier for the diverse states to digest. Even an official establishment of religion at the state level was … be kept "high and impregnable."  Current Chief Justice William Rehnquist has rightly criticized this misuse of …
John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams: An Example for Our Times

… career as congressman. Millions of moviegoers will soon discover Adams as the man who in 1841 successfully … all, to effect mental, moral, and national improvement. Commitment to improvement of self and nation motivated … presidency. Most notable was his heroic eight-year fight against the “gag rule,” adopted by the House in 1836 to …
Philippoteaux - Lamartine in front of the Town Hall of Paris rejects the red flag.

The Challenges of 1848 Reprised in the Middle East Today

… Some pundits have compared the recent uprisings in the Middle East to the … is how quickly popular uprisings spread across national borders.  Between January and June 1848, as the news of … "nation."   The Arab peoples of the Middle East today will have to overcome similar daunting challenges. What will
From the 2011 UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa.

Top Ten Origins: Climate Change

… indicators goes on. As we celebrate Earth Day, Origins offers ten essential points to know about climate change on … raise average global temperatures. In the late 1930s, British engineer Guy Stewart Callendar observed that … gasses drove rapid changes in global climate. Faster computers and better climate models have improved forecasts …
The First Crusade: The Call from the East, by Peter Frankopan Book Cover.

Restoring the Origins of the First Crusade: A Medieval Chronicle Written in the Twenty-First Century

Review of The First Crusade: The Call from the East, by Peter Frankopan (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012)
… out a call throughout western Christendom for soldiers to come to Alexios' aid by appealing to the western desire to … to his closest ally, and eventually to his enemy once again. Throughout this narrative, Bohemond also becomes a heroic figure among the crusaders, renowned for his …
The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks book cover.

The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain

Review of The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006)
… sex, drugs, and financial and electoral manipulation have become mainstays in political reportage. From Watergate to … Indian leaders. For Edmund Burke, who filed the charges against Hastings, and others in England , the root of the … events, Dirks reminds us that the scandals of empires past offer us important lessons about the nature colonial …
Thomas Jefferson, founder of the University of Virginia, enslaved more than 600 people in his lifetime.

Ivy and Slavery

… University have rained on the parade of that university’s 300th anniversary by bringing to light Yale’s involvement … Writers such as St. George Tucker, a law professor at William and Mary, proposed the gradual abolition of slavery … it difficult to break free from the constraints of their communities, for many churches, political parties and laws …
Sylvester I and Constantine in a 1247 fresco.

Top Ten Origins: Popes Before 1500

… so politically fraught? And most pressingly, where do they shop for those amazing robes?   As an historian of Late … or ninth century.   The early version was small (around 30 clerics) and comprised only of “cardinal priests” who served parishes …
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (left) and nature preservationist John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park. In the background: Upper and lower Yosemite Falls.

Why Today’s Politicians Love Teddy Roosevelt

… election campaign, he coached his chosen successor William Howard Taft to hit hard against Democratic candidate … a Milwaukee auditorium to deliver a speech. True to his combative reputation, he insisted on speaking before going … calibrated positions of most modern contenders for office. Whether fairly or not, today’s politicians are …
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris's 1912 illustration, The First Thanksgiving, 1621

Now, About that First Thanksgiving Dinner…

… are uncertain. The only documentary evidence of the event comes from the journal of Plymouth Colony’s governor, Edward … And it’s likely that the Indians were fully clothed to ward off the chill of autumn in New England. Who would wear only a loincloth in Massachusetts in November? So it’s a good thing that Americans today are not tested on the …
Portrait of Aung San Suu Kyi.

Burma’s Hope Imprisoned

… in southeast Asia, fully hopeful of joining the world community of free and independent nations. Burma is little … on supporters of the National League for Democracy. On May 30, supporters of Myanmar’s military regime attacked the … in Burma, so many western corporations will not accept goods made there for sale. Burma feeds only our illicit …
Cover of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals by David SchefferDavid S

Bringing Evil to Justice

Review of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals, by David Scheffer (NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)
… a test of how well the United States, and the international community could create institutions of governance after the … stalled the arrest high-profile fugitives, "Everyone has a good reason why someone else should do it. We must break … sign the Rome Statute, on the last possible day, December 30, 2000. The U.S. Senate, however, has not ratified the …
Election Day in Philadelphia 1815 by John Lewis Krimmel, picturing the site of Independence Hall and demonstrating the importance of elections as public occasions.

How We Learned to Love the Constitution

… political culture: a strong suspicion of government, an accompanying spirit of liberal capitalism, a sweeping ideology … days beginning on February 11, the House voted and voted again, each time with the same result — too few states to … and Marshall in their respective acts, that was at stake again in 1860 when the South seceded, and the Civil War …
The military cemetery for U.S. personnel killed during World War II in Nettuno, Italy.

A Day for Remembering — and Accepting Responsibility

… consider the remarkable speech given 62 years ago, on May 30, 1945, by Lt. Gen. Lucian K. Truscott, Jr., commander of the Allied Fifth Army in Italy. Truscott was … high command. For that reason, he mostly stayed away from official ceremonies and dedications. To him, every day was …
Depiction of the eleven-month-long siege of the Russian naval base at Sevastopol, Crimea, during the Crimean War

Crimea: A General Introduction

Review of Crimea: A History, by Neil Kent London: Hurst & Company, 2016.
… the Greeks, the Romans, and the Goths, among others. This comprises the first chapter of Kent’s history. The next … Crimea is, at its core, a part of Europe, with much more in common with the West than the East. He writes that “its … After the fourth chapter, the focus is almost entirely off the East. In some ways, Kent’s book is a very welcome …