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President Richard Nixon in 1969.

The Broken Scandal-Reform Cycle

… Ever since Watergate, campaign finance reformers have come to expect great legislative victories in the wake of … reform bill, which would ban soft money, has once again gone down in defeat. When earlier scandals erupted, an … its trust. In both cases, the old financial practices soon reappeared in new guises devised to fit the new laws. …
Vietnamese Children

Voices of the Vietnam War

Grade Level
9-12
Teaching Area
World History since 1500
US History since 1877
War & Peace
… the standard and article by highlighting the importance of Communism, one key aspect of the Cold War, and also … and secondary sources of testimonies. The lesson starts off by introducing pictures from the Vietnam War to … conflict was happening, the impact, and aftermath. Students will then move into reading five sources that include: …
The four women Supreme Court Justices: Sandra Day O'Connor, Sotomayor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Elena Kagan. O'Connor is not wearing a robe because she is retired from the Court.

Should Catholic Justices Recuse Themselves on Certain Cases?

… Obama’s nominee for the Supreme Court, joins the court she will turn its five Catholic members into a two-thirds … who remained on the court. This dramatic change in the composition of the Supreme Court can be traced to the … appointments. President Lyndon Johnson nominated Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American justice and …
school girls in class - Studying biology and physics from English textbooks presents challenges in understanding the material but is necessary because their state examinations will be in English.

A Postcard from Pakistan: Girls Education in Gilgit-Baltistan

… federal government introduced the “ Self Governance Order ” to empower the local government by creating the … of only 0.75 years of schooling during their lifetime as compared to rural boys who receive 10.76 years. Further, … material but is necessary because their state examinations will be in English. Visiting this tranquil campus, I …
The Champs Elysees crowded with French patriots after the liberation of Paris in 1944.

We Didn’t Go It Alone in 1944

… spring of 2003, French protesters marched in huge numbers against U.S. policy in Iraq. Irate Americans renamed French … relations, Presidents George W. Bush and Jacques Chirac will meet June 6 on Normandy’s beaches in northern France. … policies now causing so much trouble in Iraq. When it comes to remembering World War II, Americans should be more …
An array of non-lethal guns laid out on a table.

Taking a Big Bite Out of the Second Amendment

… example of politically motivated historical revisionism completes the task begun by John Ashcroft in 2001 in his … Ironically, rewriting the Bill Of Rights has been pawned off as nothing more than a return to the original … militia. If Americans want to change this language it will have to be by the slow and uncertain process of …
Pledge of Allegiance plaque

When Congress Tampers with the Court’s Independence

… take a chance that the Supreme Court would get the case again and ban "under God" from the Pledge, it voted 247-173 … the American people that the federal courts would not become oppressive, the framers of the Constitution argued that … Supreme Court consideration. John Marshall, who would become chief justice and do more than anyone to make the …
Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) Book Cover

Ho Chi Minh: A Biography

Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
… at the fringes of European and Asian societies, Ho's complex experiences have been canonized at home and abroad, with records from former communist territories off-limits, and formal writings from Vietnam monitored … Siam (Thailand), and beyond throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Brocheux goes to great lengths, however, to show that …
Schools often have dedicated computer labs which different classes share for studying and research.

The Fifth Wave?

… appliances, and new opportunities in electronics, telecommunications, and aerospace. In the United States the … ideas as well as economic innovation. Leaders who are good at managing prosperity are often clueless about dealing … Gore, or someone entirely unexpected, a new leader will offer something different from the centrist politics of the …
Cartoonist Clifford Berryman depicts Uncle Sam after a hard-won U.S. victory in Santiago Bay, Cuba during the Spanish-American War.

What Happened When We Stayed the Course in Cuba

… week, President Bush told Americans that his policy in Iraq will remain unchanged. With even prominent Republicans … remain determined, said Bush; if we waiver, Iraq will become another Vietnam. No one should be surprised that Bush … authoritarian but pro-United States leaders in the 1930s and 1940s. Those who led the Cuban revolution of the …
Cover of Trotsky A Biography by Robert Service.

Trotsky: A Biography

Review of Trotsky: A Biography, by Robert Service (Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009)
Saxonburg Memorial Church.

Does the First Amendment Separate Church and State?

… Delaware Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell's recent comment–wondering whether “separation of church and state” … not within his power in any case–but simply to offer one practical construction of the Amendment's broad … Modern constitutional conservatives, such as Chief Justice William Rehnquist (in his 1985 dissent to Wallace v. …
Marina Silva (PSB)

10/21/2014: Top Ten Origins: Brazil's Presidential Elections

will go to the polls to choose their President in a runoff vote between incumbent Dilma Rousseff and challenger … economically most important countries in the world, the outcome of these elections is significant not just for … coffee planters. 3. Getúlio Vargas and Fascist Brazil   A 1930 military coup d'état overthrew the coffee oligarchy and …
Florida Supreme Court during the 2000 presidential election recount.

Disputed Elections: An American Tradition

… resolution of the current presidential election, Americans will lose all faith in the electoral process. But why rush … to contested elections. When elections were questioned, common sense, rather than adherence to technicality, … witnesses. This would help to clarify the intent of some 30,000 voters and help to restore America's faith in the …
Lawrence Halprin

Lawrence Halprin and Two Modern Spaces

… outside of Haifa, then Palestine , working on a kibbutz (a communal farm). When Halprin returned to the U.S. he trained … loved the memorial. In fact, popular historian Doris Kearns Goodwin claimed it was her “favorite spot on the National … have areas of wear where they’ve been touched over and over again, and visitors gaze into the fountains and read …
Protester opposing gay marriage in Boston, 2007. The sign compares gay rights in the U.S. to Nazi, Germany.

Gays, Nazis, and the GOP

… truth is precisely the opposite, as historians such as Geoffrey Giles and William Spurlin have shown. Rather than coddling or … The following year, they established a "Central Office for Combating Abortion and Homosexuality."   Like the …
The Golubac Fortress was a medieval fortified town on the south side of the Danube River

A Postcard from Djerdap, Serbia

… trade and industry, international cooperation and borders, and leisure and fun. Today, tourists to the park can enjoy and reflect these legacies too, while even becoming a part of it themselves. The Djerdap National Park is … natural features, and archaeological sites, it also offers infrastructure and a variety of outdoor activities …
The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960-2010, by Crawford Young Book Cover.

Fifty Years and Counting

Review of The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960-2010, by Crawford Young (Chicago: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012)
… State , the preceding volume to this work, Young adopts a comparative approach. As he outlines in his introduction, a … manages to avoid creating a superficial work. Rather, he offers a thoughtful macro-level examination of the strengths … to state governance in Africa in the post-colonial époque will find The Postcolonial State in Africa both enlightening …
Captured soldiers along the march with their hands tied behind their backs

The Bataan Death March

… the mercurial personality of General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the U.S. and Filipino forces. Overconfident … hundred Americans were killed on the march, with as many as 30,000 dying of disease within weeks after entering … the enemy, motivate his supporters, and turn world opinion against us. The abuses at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq in 2003 …
Cover of Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend by Richard Stoneman.

Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend

Review of Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend, by Richard Stoneman (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2008)
… so-called Alexander Romance , a Greek text written some 20-30 years after Alexander's death (323 B.C.). They were … birth narrative takes a markedly different approach. It comes to us via Firdausi's Shahnameh (Book of Kings), … preference and Stoneman's biographical arrangement is good on its own terms. More importantly, he has compiled a …
The Dalai Lama speaking in front of Tibet's flag.

A New Chance for Peace in Tibet

… Both sides have long known that the solution lay in compromise and talks have endured intermittently, and … unsuccessfully, for more than 20 years. Negotiations broke off in 1989. The Dalai Lama has repeatedly proclaimed his willingness to talk, but Beijing has dragged its feet. Deng …
The logo of Solidarność painted on an overturned Soviet era T-55 in Prague in 1990

Poland Takes Charge of Its Own Revolution

Review of Empowering Revolution: America, Poland, and the End of the Cold War, by Gregory F. Domber (The University of North Carolina Press, 2014)
… in the Sejm (Parliament) and the newly-formed Senate to non-Communist candidates. The Polish elections laid the … Polish people show up at the end of the book when they vote against—or decline to vote for in the case of the National … might be an advantageous route to take in the future in order to further US interests abroad, and considering …