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General George S. Patton waving to crowds in Los Angeles, California in 1945.

Pragmatic de-Baathification is Key to Rebuilding Iraq

… or expediency.” (This situation replicated itself in the communist states of eastern Europe; Vaclav Klaus, the first … a long-term military presence in Iraq, it will need to ensure that any future Iraqi government has sufficient military resources at …
Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves with Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada.

The Iberian Realm of Islam

Review of Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain, by Brian A. Catlos (New York: Basic Books, 2018)
… The reality of the Islamic kingdoms in Iberia was far more complex. Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves … of unrest were already apparent. Factions emerged among competing groups—including among the ruling Umayyad dynastic … in their own new factions from northern Africa, some less open to dhimma protections than previous rulers had …
Cover of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals by David SchefferDavid S

Bringing Evil to Justice

Review of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals, by David Scheffer (NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)
… the specter of nuclear annihilation, the blood and treasure spilled in overt and clandestine warfare, abuses of … a test of how well the United States, and the international community could create institutions of governance after the … described in detail, will be a valuable reference for future scholars, but they make for a narrative that can be …
“Bombardment of Fort Sumter by the batteries of the Confederate states,” 1861.

The Civil War: Losing the War, Winning the History

… Fort Sumter, the Federal military installation in the Charleston, South Carolina, harbor.  Almost ceremonially it … war on northern politicians such as Massachusetts Sen. Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, whom he … and ruin the whites of the Confederacy."   No coincidence, surely, that the most popular novel of the 1930s was Gone …
Saxonburg Memorial Church.

Does the First Amendment Separate Church and State?

… Delaware Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell's recent comment–wondering whether “separation of church and state” … in 1802 to thank them for an earlier greeting. He assured the Baptists that he believed, just as they did, "that … "the free exercise thereof."   No other nation, much less a new one, had ever dared divorce religion from …
A photo of Helmut Kohl in1987.

Germany After Kohl

… sad watching a powerful political figure overstay his welcome. Helmut Kohl, German chancellor for sixteen years, has … would question how well he handled this opportunity; nonetheless, he moved rapidly and with some skill to bring the old … shaped something that others can make even greater in the future. Michael Richards teaches modern European and world …
The Discovery of Mankind: Atlantic Encounters in the Ages of Columbus, by David Abulafia Book Cover

The Old World Meets the Neolithic Age

Review of The Discovery of Mankind: Atlantic Encounters in the Ages of Columbus, by David Abulafia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008)
… is the main theme of Abulafia's history. The indigenous peoples of the Americas both fascinated and alarmed European … ), the notorious document that the Spanish read to the uncomprehending Indians before seizing their land. These … and the gradual Spanish subjugation of the islands (not completed until 1496) prepared Europeans for their encounter …
The flag of the United Nations

America’s Intervention Predicament

… continued in Haiti, Bosnia and Kosovo.  In each case, pressure from the media, which now bring us faraway bloodshed … of the problem. One of that organization’s principal roles is peacemaking. But the victorious Allies who founded it … through the veto or some other device, such a force could become the rogue force the U.N. founders feared. But our …
The Dalai Lama waves to a crowd during a visit to the Netherlands in the 1980s.

Hong Kong and Tibet

… As China completes its takeover of Hong Kong, it should be remembered … Throughout the 1950s, the Chinese occasionally pressured the Dalai Lama, Tibet’s spiritual leader, to take … threatened China’s ability to enforce its own stringent rules and regulations. Frustrated by their inability to …
A 1963 photo of the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem.

In Bethlehem, Persisting Hope

… by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, which abuts … broader contours of events in the Middle East. Despite an upsurge in violence between Israel, Hamas, and the … flourished. In 2003 more than 300,000 Israeli tourists visited the Turkish resort of Antalya. In 2006 it remains a …
President Kennedy surrounded by cameramen after signing the Cuba Quarantine Order on October 23, 1962.

How Bush Might Have Profited from Kennedy’s Example

… in the quality of American presidential leadership than comparison of John F. Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban … security. Kennedy’s caution matched his resolve. He had irrefutable proof of missiles in Cuba before deploying troops to … Ignoring Kennedy’s example, Bush, since Sept. 11, has surrendered the opportunity for a lasting victory in the …
US Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., signing the UN Charter on 26 June 1945. President Truman stands by at left (UN Photo/Yould).

The Signing of the United Nations Charter

… Wilson bitterly called “a sullen and selfish isolation,” becoming an observer in the League but never a full member. As … was half Republican, including Vandenberg and the future secretary of state John Foster Dulles. Leading this … with weakening or even eliminating the veto. Such a measure would have sacrificed some level of national …
Map of the Gaza Strip in May 2005, a few months prior to the Israeli withdrawal. The major settlement blocs were the blue-shaded regions of this map.

Threads of Hope Glimmer in the Middle East

… indication that regional peace may yet be in the cards. Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, which abuts Israel, elected an … ups and downs, in 2003 more than 300,000 Israeli tourists visited the Turkish resort of Antalya. In 2009 it remains a … in Washington earlier this year. Abbas will also almost surely make an appearance in the Nativity Church in …
Globe on a plate with knife and fork next to it

Diet for a Large Planet

… Nicholas Breyfogle: Welcome to Diet for a Large Planet by The Ohio State … start. In his book, Offner refers to the cheap imported staples and meat and sugar that gave British the worst diet in … itself from within. This author who argued for js this posited that it was the cause of every disease to man. …
Veterans Day Poster 1980.

Keeping Veterans Day Alive

… reason to cut funds for Veterans Day events. Some even shamelessly request veterans’ organizations to cover the costs of …   November 11 was originally known as Armistice Day to commemorate the 11th day at the 11th hour of the 11th month … the vigilance and support of the American people to make sure that promises made to all veterans are kept. Veterans …
The four women Supreme Court Justices: Sandra Day O'Connor, Sotomayor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Elena Kagan. O'Connor is not wearing a robe because she is retired from the Court.

Should Catholic Justices Recuse Themselves on Certain Cases?

… who remained on the court. This dramatic change in the composition of the Supreme Court can be traced to the … Court in San Francisco as co-counsel for two gay couples challenging California’s Proposition 8. The California … opposes, is another.   Recusal sounds like a radical measure, but we require judges to withdraw from deliberations …
1942 photo of an American flag.

The Changing Symbolism of Old Glory

… the nation’s largest and oldest flag-maker, reports that sales are still 25 percent above normal as Americans continue … Although the United States has often wavered from that commitment, the tragic events of Sept. 11 compel us to … coming years will determine how Old Glory is viewed in the future, both at home and abroad. Our flag, like the flag of …
An image of Kuwait’s oil fields after they were set ablaze by retreating Iraqi soldiers during the First Gulf War

Oil Empires and Petro-Anarchies

Review of Empires and Anarchies: A History of Oil in the Middle East, by Michael Quentin Morton (London: Reaktion Books, 2017)
… years, and since 2006 has published several books and articles on the Middle East and oil. He has an intimate … had obtained independence. Morton tracks major individuals, companies, and governments taking part in the search for commercially viable oil sources as well as the negotiation …
George H. W. Bush Speaking in St. Louis, 1988. Behind him is Missouri Governor John Ashcroft.

The Danger of Scaring the Voters

… strategists have long been concerned that Americans would become complacent” about the war on terrorism. “Skepticism by … Korean War would weaken public support for a seemingly endless struggle against the Soviets. He and his advisers … forces his campaign to play to public fear. Just as surely, if the 2004 campaign becomes a contest about who’s …
University of Notre Dame's administration building.

The Catholic Voter in the Twentieth Century

… 1936 reelection bid.   Baltimore's Cardinal James Curley assured Roosevelt that 30 million Catholic votes were his, if … economic recovery. Catholics in 2000 are economically comfortable, and will probably not care about George Bush's … gaffes and perceived lack of good judgment.   This is a lesson today's politicians might well heed. Whenever a …
Ukrainian refugees board a train in Lviv, February 2022.

West Ukraine’s War Stories: A New Chapter?

… played an outsized role in the 20 th century struggles for control of eastern Europe.  It was here that the … this region has also been central to Ukraine’s complex journey to define itself. In the Soviet era and in … build a national movement with those they viewed as their compatriots living in imperial Russia , rich and often …
The Prairie Dog is an anti-Jefferson satire, relating to Jefferson's covert negotiations for the purchase of West Florida from Spain in 1804.

Not American Enough? This Political Slur Has a Long History

… with President Obama's birth certificate, still not completely laid to rest, is an extreme version of a tactic … that "the people would be crushed . . . as in France." An absurd rumor spread that, if elected, Jefferson planned to confiscate Bibles.   Jefferson was elected in spite of his Frenchness, but …
Rodin's "The Thinker"

Reaching Beyond the Ivory Tower

… Patrick Potyondy   Welcome to History Talk , the history podcast for everyone, … and many more, as the Times calls them hits on its website.   Patrick Potyondy   And so just to wrap up, do you … officer to General David Petraeus, in Iraq during the surge of 2007-2008. And now a professor of military history …