Treating the Symptoms: Northern Ireland’s Incomplete Peace

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Jeffrey W. Lewis

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UVF commemorative mural in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

UVF commemorative mural in Belfast, Northern Ireland

UVF commemorative mural in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Commemorative mural of the hunger strikes of 1981.

Hunger strikes of 1981 commemorative mural

Commemorative mural of the hunger strikes of 1981, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Public opposition to the Orangemen.

Opposition to the Orangemen

Public opposition to the Orangemen in Rasharkin, Northern Ireland, 2012.

Éamon de Valera.

Éamon de Valera

Éamon de Valera, 1922. Influential Irish politician and leader during the Irish War for Independence. Founder of Fianna Fáil political party.

'You are now in Protestant Teratory' graffiti.

Graffiti in Belfast, Northern Ireland

“You are now in Protestant Teratory” graffiti in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1974.

Aftermath of IRA carbombing in Belfast.

Aftermath of IRA carbombing in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Aftermath of IRA carbombing in Belfast, Northern Ireland, March 20, 1972.

Part of the 'Peace wall' in Belfast.

"Peace wall" in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Part of the "Peace wall" in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

The residence of the President of Ireland.

Áras an Uachtaráin, the residence of the President of Ireland.

The residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin, in Dublin, Ireland.

Campaign poster for the Good Friday Agreement.

Campaign poster for the Good Friday Agreement

Campaign poster for the Good Friday Agreement, April 1998.

Commemorative civil rights mural in Derry.

Civil rights mural in Derry, Northern Ireland

Commemorative civil rights mural in Derry, Northern Ireland.

Ulster Covenant commemoration parade.

Commemoration parade, Belfast, Northern Ireland

Ulster Covenant commemoration parade, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2012.

The ten republican prisoners who fasted to death in 1981.

Fasting prisoners

The ten republican prisoners who fasted to death in 1981. Bobby Sands at top left.

Sinn Fein president Gerry Adams.

Gerry Adams

Sinn Fein president Gerry Adams, 2013.

Graffiti and banner by conservative Unionists.

Graffiti and banner by conservative Unionists

Graffiti and banner by conservative Unionists, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1970.

The Green Harp flag.

Green Harp flag

The Green Harp flag, the symbol of Irish nationalism.

IRA men with a mortar.

IRA men with a mortar

IRA men with a mortar similar to the one used in an attack in London, 1992.

Irish Free State stamp overprinted on a King George V stamp.

Irish Free State stamp overprinted on a King George V stamp

Irish Free State stamp overprinted on a King George V stamp, 1922.

James Craig.

James Craig, the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland

James Craig, the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.

Northern Ireland Assembly.

Northern Ireland Assembly

Northern Ireland Assembly made up of 108 seats.

Parliament Building at Stormont.

Parliament Building at Stormont in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Parliament Building at Stormont in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Portrait of Henry VIII.

Portrait of Henry VIII

Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein, circa 1540.

Queen Elizabeth II and Martin McGuiness shake hands.

Queen Elizabeth II and Martin McGuiness shake hands

Queen Elizabeth II and Martin McGuiness shake hands, June 27, 2012.

The results of a bombing in Enniskillen, Ireland.

Results of a bombing in Enniskillen, Ireland

The results of a bombing in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1987.

Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, former U.S. senator George Mitchell, and British Prime Minister Tony Blair.

Signing the Good Friday Agreement

From left to right, Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, former U.S. senator George Mitchell, and British Prime Minister Tony Blair after signing the Good Friday Agreement, April 10, 1998.

Edward Carson signs the Ulster Covenant.

Signing the Ulster Covenant

Edward Carson signs the Ulster Covenant protesting the Third Home Rule Bill, 1912.

Symbol of the Irish Free State.

Symbol of the Irish Free State

Symbol of the Irish Free State.

Ulster banner flying over Unionist area and the Irish flag flying over a nationalist area.

Ulster banner and Irish flag

Ulster banner (red and white) flying over Unionist area and the Irish flag (green, orange, and white) flying over a nationalist area in Derry, Northern Ireland, 2009.

Eighteen-foot 'Peace wall' in Belfast.

“Peace wall” in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Eighteen-foot “Peace wall” in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2009.

David Trimble.

David Trimble, 2009

David Trimble, 2009. First Minister of Northern Ireland (1998-2002) and instrumental in the negotiations leading up to Good Friday.

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