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Sweet Fuel: The Remarkable Story of Brazilian Ethanol

… search for clean and affordable alternate energies has become an increasing priority in the twenty-first century. … Center Co-sponsors: The Center for Latin American Studies, https://clas.osu.edu/ The Sustainability Institute, … Arts and Sciences, and by the Center for Latin American Studies, a Title VI National Resource Center, funded by the US …
Jackie Robinson

Living Up to Jackie Robinson

… jeopardize the process of integration. He was, by nature, a combative individual, so he had to struggle to restrain … "Then I could walk away from baseball and never become a star. But my son could tell his son what his daddy … An outspoken advocate of self-help, he urged blacks to become producers, manufacturers, creators of businesses and …
Lyndon Johnson greets American troops in Vietnam 1966.

A Curtain Call for the Domino Theory?

… Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy. If Vietnam fell to the Communists, they argued, so too would the rest of Asia. … and Russia. Afghanistan therefore demands a heavy American commitment, although the degree to which that commitment should be military is open to debate.   President …
Sonia Sotomayor, U.S. Supreme Court justice.

Attacks on Sotomayor Ignore Court’s History and Makeup

… process. What’s unusual is that conservatives are complaining about the Court at the same time they’re … the presidents who appointed them are gone, the Court’s composition frequently lags behind the country’s political … Justices who were popular when they took office often become jarringly out of touch before they leave. They’re like …
Marchers for LGBTQ rights

The Debate Over Same-Sex Marriage and LGBTQ Rights

… in recent memory. But with these changes have come many questions and tensions. Is the focus on the … in Modern Family , crime procedurals, or even Levi’s jeans commercials changed the public’s perceptions, and has it … watch a clip of it. And I asked my students like who the audience for this ad is? And the answer, of course, is men. …
In order, India’s Indira Gandhi, Pakistan’s Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and Bangladesh’s Mujibur Rahman

After Midnight

Review of Midnight’s Descendants: A History of South Asia Since Partition, by John Keay (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
… Salman Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children features a memorable … of waterways serves as a metaphor for the subcontinent’s complicated post-colonial coming of age. Favoring academic … Calcutta, and Karachi far beyond their capacity. Keay points out that India enjoyed certain immediate advantages …
El 5 de julio por S. Davies, Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

What’s Really At Stake in the Venezuelan Election

… will be no grounds for the United States to reject its outcome. Both U.S. presidential candidates have made … Cuba’s Fidel Castro “raised serious questions about his commitment to leading a truly democratic country.” Of … of history and director of Latin American and Ethnic Studies at Lewis & Clark College. …
President Nixon photographed through a window explaining release of edited transcripts, April 29, 1974

Will There Be a Last Nixon Cover-Up?

… staff, I am alarmed by this news. As their administrations come to a close, presidents establish foundations to raise … didn’t open those tapes until 1996, two years after Nixon died. Taylor sneered, “The archivists have done their …

Conflict Termination: How to End -- and Not to End -- Insurgencies

… over the trajectory of the on-going American military commitment in Iraq and Afghanistan has combined with … in the Philippines. So let us turn to several case studies to explore these issues more closely. Vietnam The story … a significant number of Khymer who, as we now know, would die at the hands of the Khymer Rouge. France and Algeria Our …
Cover of Where Have All the Soldiers Gone: The Transformation of Modern Europe by Jeff Sheehan.

How the Mighty European Military State has Fallen

Review of Where Have All the Soldiers Gone: The Transformation of Modern Europe, by Jeff Sheehan (Illustrated. 284 pp. Houghton Mifflin Company)
… European history that question is how did it come to pass that Europeans would differ so strongly from … attitudes toward standing armies and warfare, without coming down on one side or the other. Some Americans may … Thus the major conflicts of the twentieth century become the outliers, not what defines European society. This …
The Taras Shevchenko monument in Borodyanka, Ukraine damaged by the Russian attack, April 2022.

Taras Shevchenko, Poet of Ukraine

… history of the Cossacks for Ukraine. The freedom they embodied became a potent inspiration for Ukrainian readers. His … village girl seduced and then betrayed by a Russian soldier. It warns from the first lines, “Fall in love, you … was, but we should keep this as it is now.” Learn More: The Complete Kobzar: The Poetry of Taras Shevchenko. Translated …
Washington Receiving a Salute on the Field of Trenton by John Faed, featuring Blueskin.

Does Experience Really Help?

… is likely to run again. So relevant "experience" is hard to come by.This presidential season, everybody is talking about … then abandoning, the Hungarian revolution against communism in 1956, failing to stop Joe McCarthy's … on. William Henry Harrison, hero in the Indian wars, also died early in his presidency. Ulysses Grant presided over …
The Statue of Liberty in New York City.

Where Will “Liberation” Lead?

… Choosing to back dictators such as South Vietnam’s Ngo Dinh Diem, Nicaragua’s Anastasio Somoza, and Iran’s Muhammad Reza … of Guatemala’s Jacobo Arbenz dared to undertake a comprehensive land reform campaign, nationalize corporate property and open diplomatic relations with communist countries in 1954, Washington was quick to …
Cover of The Chiefs Now in This City: Indians and the Urban Frontier in Early America by Colin Calloway.

Native Americans in Urban Places

Review of , “The Chiefs Now in This City”: Indians and the Urban Frontier in Early America, by Colin Calloway (New York City, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021)
… in between. Historians have traditionally focused on the outcomes of “the chiefs now in this city,” namely, treaties. … this work, however, the words work to invert the usual viewpoints we use. In essence, what is urban, or a frontier, is … was a man who traveled with an escort of Pennsylvania soldiers; who insisted on not only an interpreter but a clerk …

Cops and Robbers? The Roots of Anti-Doping Policies in Olympic Sport

… Agency (WADA) Dick Pound presented “The Independent Commission Report #1” to the press corps. The 323-page … about what effects the substances might have on athletes’ bodies. Certainly there were those who disagreed, and at times … amateur sport and the “true sportsmanlike behavior” embodied by amateur athletes , and profit-driven owners …
Omagh, Northern Ireland in 2001.

Taking the Guns Out of Irish Politics

… The decommissioning of weapons in Northern Ireland ought to be a … from an IRA arms dump by dissidents. Twenty-nine people died and more than three hundred were injured in this … If it does not, then people who are not yet born may die as a historic conflict enters its ninth century. Sean …
The National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

With God on Our Side

… he proclaimed that “our nation is chosen by God and commissioned by history to be a model to the world.” This … notwithstanding the fact that Spanish missionaries had accomplished this two centuries before. But not all American …
An electron microscopic image of a thin section of SARS-CoV within the cytoplasm of an infected cell, showing the spherical particles and cross-sections through the viral nucleocapsid.

Could SARS Set off Another Great Pandemic?

… threat to public health: the specter of a pandemic, and the complacent American response. The so-called "Spanish" flu … million people around the world, more than the number who died in World War I battles. In the United States it killed … Why should we have forgotten the modern equivalent of the medieval Black Death? Perhaps because it killed mostly the …
This is the third Strasbourg astronomical clock which is located in the Notre-Dame Cathedral and was built in 1843, the first clock was built 1352-1354.

Paleotechnic Machines in the Middle Ages

Review of Medieval Robots: Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art, by E.R. Truitt (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)
… that there was considerable mechanical innovation in the medieval period. These medieval machines included mechanical … heads that revealed the future, and automated gardens complete with metallic singing birds. In this book, E.R. … understood to exist in medieval times. For example, she points to mechanical monkeys and animals that were …
Robert Smalls pictured between 1870-1880.

The Remarkable Life of Robert Smalls

… the state of Confederate fortifications there. Union Naval commanders acted quickly and successfully on this … the Planter , making him one of the highest paid Black soldiers of the war. His reputation was further burnished … institutions in order to tell his story and help enlist soldiers for the war. The end of the conflict and its immediate …
Map showing position of North Korea relative to China

What Are They Thinking in Beijing?

… protests in Hong Kong that have directly challenged Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policies and yet have not been … November as the leader of the Politburo’s powerful Standing Committee. But we shouldn’t make too much of Jiang’s passing …

Avoiding the Scourge of War: The Challenges of United Nations Peacekeeping

… On July 1, 2011, the United Nations welcomed its newest member. South Sudan's January referendum on … psychological aid to those traumatized by rape, child soldiering, and other atrocities. Unlike during … now necessitates more than establishing weapons collection points and observing demobilization. Peacekeepers must …