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President JFK giving an address on civil rights in June, 1963.

A President Who Was Still Growing

… day in Dallas in 1963. In an inaugural address that has become a poignant reminder of the idealism of the 1960s, JFK … the assassination of South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem in early November 1963 made JFK realize that the United … about American involvement in Southeast Asia. While it is futile to compare John F. Kennedy with the presidents who …
Cover of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals by David SchefferDavid S

Bringing Evil to Justice

Review of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals, by David Scheffer (NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)
… a test of how well the United States, and the international community could create institutions of governance after the … described in detail, will be a valuable reference for future scholars, but they make for a narrative that can be … provided with a vigorous defense. Slobodan Milosevic died in a jail cell in The Hague. Meanwhile the Bush …
Djiboutian workers fill bags with wheat destined for Ethiopia, provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), at the Port of Djibouti, Africa, Jan. 7, 2013.

The Birth and Death of USAID

… in the beginning of 2025, still working in the name of the commitment that President John F. Kennedy had made in 1961 … was a problem; others argued that the agricultural subsidies affluent nations paid their famers negated the value of … and poorest nations, the trend is now in reverse.  The Future of Aid and Development There are many reasons to be …
Sylvester I and Constantine in a 1247 fresco.

Top Ten Origins: Popes Before 1500

… The early version was small (around 30 clerics) and comprised only of “cardinal priests” who served parishes … historical evidence, and most scholars think that Peter died somewhere far from Rome, probably never having even … of the later Middle Ages, the legend holds that Joan studied the liberal arts in Athens while living as Joannes …
IRA gunmen in Northern Ireland

From the Cold War to the War on Terror

… dates back well into the Cold War. How did terrorism become a focal point of U.S. foreign policy? How did earlier … deeper history tell us about what terrorism is, how our common assumptions about it might be wrong, and how we … these ideas, and there are a lot of historical case studies, such as the IRA, where this has actually happened. We …
A makeshift influenza hospital at Camp Funston, 1918.

Top Ten Origins: Flu

… Organization. The word influenza is derived from the medieval Italian word for “influence” ( influentia ) and … first used the term in English, but “influenza” was not a commonly used term in England until the 1782 pandemic. 2. … twentieth century endured the two most important case studies in the history of infectious disease: the 1918-1919 …
pile of syringes

The Global War on Drugs

… Dr. Nicholas Breyfogle   Hello, and welcome to The Global War on Drugs brought to you by the … drawn from dozens of anthropological and archaeological studies, indigenous groups ingested datura medicinally and … took datura to experience visions that would predict the future, heal the sick. They took it in initiation rituals …
Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier met in Munich with German and Italian dictators Adolf … countries agreed to hold an international conference on the future of Palestine — with one word: “Munich.” But Bush and … really premeditated collusion with the dictators to fight communism elsewhere. Had they carefully examined the …
Joseph Stalin

Dismantling a Legacy: The Last Days of Stalin

Review of The Last Days of Stalin, by Joshua Rubenstein (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015)
… he was dead. The implication was clear—although Stalin had died, his influence would be keenly felt in the Soviet … pardoned or remitted the sentences of prisoners whom had committed minor offenses. As they worked to dismantle … narrow” for the United States and the Soviet Union to come out on the other side with a better relationship, …
This painting, which dates from 1859, reimagines the toppling of the equestrian statue of George III in New York City. Erected in 1770, the statue featured the regent garbed in Roman military regalia on horseback, in the fashion of Marcus Aurelius. It is doubtful that Native Americans, women and children were in attendance at this episode of iconoclasm by the Sons of Liberty.

Ten Memorable Monument Takedowns in History

… a society’s identity, and, consequently, its political future. Victors often erect monuments memorializing the … that of Nero’s by Vitellius. Damnatio memoriae was most common after regime change. Note however, that the names of … Iconoclasm was outlawed. The restoration of icons is commemorated today as the “Feast of Orthodoxy.” 3. A Papal …
STS-116 mission specialists, NASA astronaut Robert Curbeam and ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang perform extravehicular activity (EVA) during construction of the International Space Station.

Facing Opportunities and Obstacles in Space

… President Obama’s plans for the future of America’s civilian space programs,, outlined in … the development of new technologies to reduce the cost and complexity of operating in space.   These proposals, … are rockets infallible: Insurance rates for the launch of a communications satellite can be 10 to 15 percent of its …
 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, failed to reach an agreement on the future governance of Sudan and how to integrate the RSF and … the start of a process to separate Arab and non-Arab communities, their leaders, and their justice systems.  If a …

Singapore at Fifty

Grade Level
4-8
Teaching Area
World History since 1500
… This lesson is designed to develop students’ abilities to comprehend, synthesize, and analyze a complex text. Students will identify and define key … and in the closing of the lesson, students will predict the future of Singapore in the form of an exit slip. Questions …
Vicente Fox Quesada

Will Fox be a Mexican Jefferson?

… So why the change now? January 1, 1994 is the date future history books will designate as the beginning of the … as the sole arbiter of labor and political issues. The concomitant opening of the markets hurt several domestic giants in the oil and telecommunication sections. The increased mobility of skilled …
Plate of enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Mexican Food in the United States

… tacos increasingly brought these foods into the American diet. As Mexican immigrants arrived in new locales, various … States.  The popularity of these dishes and Mexican ingredients pushed Mexican cuisine into fast food with the … Powder  The food tradition of the American Southwest has come about through various populations’ contributions over …
bus with sign on side reading Soybean Powered, This bus runs on soybean bio-diesel

The Bottom of the Barrel: The Long Transition of Energy in America

Grade Level
9-12
Teaching Area
World History since 1500
US History since 1877
Science & Technology
… raw materials drastically decreasing. The students will become aware of the possibility that they will experience a future with little to no fossil fuels, thus needing a … to guide their learning. After two of the stations are completed, the teacher will do a brief check for …
North Korea's prime minister Kim Il-sung and China's premier Zhou Enlai tour Beijing in 1958.

China Holds the Key to the North Korea Problem

… As the international community struggles to respond effectively to the missile … intentions of its founder’s to allow each great power a comprehensive veto over any international action that might … Roosevelt did not agree on the composition or role of the future organizations executive committee.   Churchill …
Pedro Albizu Campos, noted anti-imperialist, addressing a crowd in 1936

Reframing the American Empire

Review of How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States, by Daniel Immerwahr (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019)
… little different than colonies save for the possibility of future statehood. This lays the foundation for further … to shape the present. This book is intended for a popular audience, but it has extensive archival work behind it. The … both in and outside of the United States. To write this comprehensive history, the author travelled to Alaska, …