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David Ben-Gurion proclaiming Israel's independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl.

Zionist Idea of Security Blocks Path to Peace

… Pinsker, set the pattern in 1881. Anti-Semitism “can never die,” he maintained. Wherever Jews live among foreigners, … as a permanent fact of life. The Zionists aimed to overcome that psychological infirmity by making the Jews a … Holocaust theologian Emil Fackenheim once told an audience that Israel might be destroyed by its enemies. Still, …
Bronze statue of Sir William Blackstone.

Back to the 17th Century: Money and Political Speech

… reforms passed after Watergate. One of the justices even coined the shorthand phrase by which this argument is now … rather, he wrote, “[t]he electors themselves are becoming the oligarchy.” Mill’s fear, like that of today’s … scheme would, he hoped, “prevent the labouring class from becoming preponderant in Parliament.” Society has changed even …
US president Bill Clinton and Chinese leader Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House, October 29, 1997

The Next Cold War?

… How do cold wars begin? The question is becoming more than academic as the Bush administration gropes … No single dispute was big enough, in itself, to cast the die for or against prolonged cold war. But each one required … our choices. Ira Chernus is a professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a writer …
a ceremony in Ukraine

Soviet Ukraine in a Nutshell

When the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917 during World War I, the lands of today’s Ukraine became a battleground of violence and instability until 1922.
… of violence and instability until 1922. Multiple communities of former tsarist imperial subjects imagined the future in radically different ways. Written by Mayhill …
Scene from the 11th century Bayeaux Tapestry depicting Norman cavalry attacking Anglo-Saxon soldiers.

The Norman Conquest of England, 1066

… the French Duke of Normandy. It is a reminder that the complicated, ambivalent, and sometimes hostile relationship … In January 1066, Edward the Confessor, King of England, died without an heir, which motivated several claimants to … Tapestry depicting Norman cavalry attacking Anglo-Saxon soldiers. Was William’s claim to the English throne legitimate? …
Image depicts statues of Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton facing off in their duel.

The Duel Between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton

On July 11, 1804, former Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton and Vice President Aaron Burr faced off in the most infamous duel in American history.
… in American history. Burr fatally wounded Hamilton, who died the next day. Hamilton’s premature death transformed …
The White House lit in green light for St. Patrick's Day.

9/11 and 3/17: Closer Than You Think

… that the parade as we know it took form. Its appearance coincided with both the massive influx of Irish immigrants … pluralist implication of the St. Patrick's Day parades becomes more apparent as we look at the events held in cities … this ideal, but it's important to recognize how far we have come.   So when this weekend's St. Patrick's Day parades pay …
The Olympic flag flies at half-staff during a memorial service to the slain Israeli athletes, September 6, 1972.

The Munich Olympic Massacre

… The 1972 Munich Olympics were billed as Die Heiteren Spiele —the “Happy Games.” West Germans hoped … Games” soon became the “Olympics of Terror.” A global audience watched a tragic attack on the Israeli athletes … met to plan Operation “Ikrit and Biram” under mission commander “Issa,” Arabic for Jesus. Ikrit and Biram were two …
Ellis Island, New York City.

Hiding Behind Reform

… between present-day immigration and the flood of newcomers who came in the past. ProjectUSA’s website is emphatic on this point. Making this distinction … in the respectable clothes of high-minded concern for the common good. To cite but a few examples: In the 1840s …
A U.S. Marine Corporal looks through a sniping rifle during a training in California in 2001.

Don’t Compare America Now With Britain Then

… this end, the Bush administration is now deciding America’s future international security strategy and the size and … and means to maintain its present overseas positions and commitments, it will fail, as did Great Britain in the late … cuts in defense might render the United States unwilling to commit forces to one region in fear of leaving other regions …
President George W. Bush

Policies for the Fearful: Rollback Then, Regime Change Now

… There is the same whiff of hysteria about prospects for the future that one finds in current administration … the test of the first Soviet atomic weapon in 1949. The combination of the Soviet Union’s atomic weapons and its … country in the world is more or less on the level of Panama compared with the military strength of the United States. …
Soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad

Stalingrad at 75, the Turning Point of World War II in Europe

… of the Second World War began. More than four million combatants fought in the gargantuan struggle at Stalingrad … armies. Over 1.8 million became casualties. More Soviet soldiers died in the five-month battle than Americans in the entire …
Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier met in Munich with German and Italian dictators Adolf … countries agreed to hold an international conference on the future of Palestine — with one word: “Munich.” But Bush and … really premeditated collusion with the dictators to fight communism elsewhere. Had they carefully examined the …
Joseph Stalin

Dismantling a Legacy: The Last Days of Stalin

Review of The Last Days of Stalin, by Joshua Rubenstein (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015)
… he was dead. The implication was clear—although Stalin had died, his influence would be keenly felt in the Soviet … pardoned or remitted the sentences of prisoners whom had committed minor offenses. As they worked to dismantle … narrow” for the United States and the Soviet Union to come out on the other side with a better relationship, …
This painting, which dates from 1859, reimagines the toppling of the equestrian statue of George III in New York City. Erected in 1770, the statue featured the regent garbed in Roman military regalia on horseback, in the fashion of Marcus Aurelius. It is doubtful that Native Americans, women and children were in attendance at this episode of iconoclasm by the Sons of Liberty.

Ten Memorable Monument Takedowns in History

… a society’s identity, and, consequently, its political future. Victors often erect monuments memorializing the … that of Nero’s by Vitellius. Damnatio memoriae was most common after regime change. Note however, that the names of … Iconoclasm was outlawed. The restoration of icons is commemorated today as the “Feast of Orthodoxy.” 3. A Papal …
This is the third Strasbourg astronomical clock which is located in the Notre-Dame Cathedral and was built in 1843, the first clock was built 1352-1354.

Paleotechnic Machines in the Middle Ages

Review of Medieval Robots: Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art, by E.R. Truitt (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)
… that there was considerable mechanical innovation in the medieval period. These medieval machines included mechanical … knights and archers, bronze heads that revealed the future, and automated gardens complete with metallic singing birds. In this book, E.R. … Review of Medieval Robots: Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art , by E.R. …
STS-116 mission specialists, NASA astronaut Robert Curbeam and ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang perform extravehicular activity (EVA) during construction of the International Space Station.

Facing Opportunities and Obstacles in Space

… President Obama’s plans for the future of America’s civilian space programs,, outlined in … the development of new technologies to reduce the cost and complexity of operating in space.   These proposals, … are rockets infallible: Insurance rates for the launch of a communications satellite can be 10 to 15 percent of its …
 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, failed to reach an agreement on the future governance of Sudan and how to integrate the RSF and … the start of a process to separate Arab and non-Arab communities, their leaders, and their justice systems.  If a …

Singapore at Fifty

Grade Level
4-8
Teaching Area
World History since 1500
… This lesson is designed to develop students’ abilities to comprehend, synthesize, and analyze a complex text. Students will identify and define key … and in the closing of the lesson, students will predict the future of Singapore in the form of an exit slip. Questions …
Vicente Fox Quesada

Will Fox be a Mexican Jefferson?

… So why the change now? January 1, 1994 is the date future history books will designate as the beginning of the … as the sole arbiter of labor and political issues. The concomitant opening of the markets hurt several domestic giants in the oil and telecommunication sections. The increased mobility of skilled …
Plate of enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Mexican Food in the United States

… tacos increasingly brought these foods into the American diet. As Mexican immigrants arrived in new locales, various … States.  The popularity of these dishes and Mexican ingredients pushed Mexican cuisine into fast food with the … Powder  The food tradition of the American Southwest has come about through various populations’ contributions over …
bus with sign on side reading Soybean Powered, This bus runs on soybean bio-diesel

The Bottom of the Barrel: The Long Transition of Energy in America

Grade Level
9-12
Teaching Area
World History since 1500
US History since 1877
Science & Technology
… raw materials drastically decreasing. The students will become aware of the possibility that they will experience a future with little to no fossil fuels, thus needing a … to guide their learning. After two of the stations are completed, the teacher will do a brief check for …