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John F. Kennedy and Dr. Alvin Weinburg at the Graphite Reactor Oak Ridge National Lab in 1959.

The Dangers – Then and Now – of a Pre-Emptive Strike

… F. Kennedy to think he could attack China to keep it from getting the bomb without igniting a major war. Even more … the free world and freedom on earth,” Kennedy told a visiting French diplomat in January 1963. Kennedy’s words … Bush administration has wisely allowed the international community to take the lead in responding to the threat from …
Cover of Mother of Invention by Robert I. Field

Government Fingers in the Health Care Jar?

Review of Mother of Invention: How the Government Created "Free Market Health Care", by Robert I. Field (Oxford University Press, 2013)
… care developed. His biography hints at the methodical way he dissects the health care system through both a … up to this point: to pay for everything from hospital visits to prescriptions, one needs health insurance. Of the … that translates to the future of American health care comes in his final chapter. “Health care cannot function,” …

Down and Out (Again): America’s Long Struggle with Mass Unemployment

… on agriculture do not experience "unemployment" in the same way as industrial ones do. As the nation's first factories … Accurate employment statistics for the period are hard to come by, but according to some accounts, the national … a wide array of cities came up with makeshift tasks to get the jobless back to work. Fort Smith, Arkansas …
In the 2020 presidential election (held using 2010 census data) Joe Biden received 306 (●) and Donald Trump 232 (●) of the total 538 electoral votes. In Maine (upper-right) and Nebraska (center), the small circled numbers indicate congressional districts. These are the only two states to use a district method for some of their allocated electors, instead of a complete winner-takes-all.

Arguing the Electoral College: Pro

… cultural and political ideal, that of democracy, our way of choosing the president seems fatally flawed. It also … whose members can deliberately and calmly assess the outcome of an election and judge its impact upon the public … — California, New York, Texas and, yes, Florida — sometimes get the lion's share of attention, but not this year. …
illustration of people around a fire ring

The Causes and Costs of Barrenness

Review of Infertility in Early Modern England, by Daphna Oren-Magidor (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)
… point, Infertility in Early Modern England explores the ways in which religion, medicine and gender interacted to … and legacy. Women, on the other hand, struggled to comes to terms with their infertility in large part because … in which religious beliefs and medical theories worked together to explain the occurrence of infertility. For
Indian troops in Burma, 1944.

A Forgotten Theater of War

Review of India’s War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia, by Srinath Raghavan New York, NY: Basic Books, 2016
… neglected by historians. Raghavan describes his book as a way to better understand how India shaped and was shaped by … 1939 to over two million in 1945 (64). This process was accompanied by considerable growing pains. Indian troops … aid (460). The book’s myriad approaches are woven together with considerable skill, and the attention paid to …
The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks book cover.

The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain

Review of The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain, by Nicholas B. Dirks (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006)
… Over the past three decades, headlines in respected newspapers and tabloids alike have proclaimed a myriad of … sex, drugs, and financial and electoral manipulation have become mainstays in political reportage. From Watergate to … Hastings' rule in India changed the justification for British imperial expansion. 2 According to Dirks, the …
The federal government commissioned a series of public murals from the artists it employed: William Gropper's Construction of a Dam (1939) is characteristic of much of the art of the 1930s, with workers seen in heroic poses, laboring in unison to complete a great public project.

Guess What? The New Deal Worked!

… Since the economic crisis we’re now in is being compared to the Great Depression, the solutions being … have been quick to pronounce the New Deal a failure as a way of justifying their opposition to the new stimulus … proposals, to declare the New Deal a failure gets the history fundamentally wrong. The legacy that FDR …
Cygnet, Ohio, in Wood County was a booming oil town with 13 saloons and many workers when this photo was taken in 1885.

An Energy Plan for You!

… Watch out for George W. and his gas and oil pals. They’ve got an … Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … had to wait until Ronald Reagan’s administration to get what it wanted. And even then it didn’t get it all. …
Election Day in Philadelphia 1815 by John Lewis Krimmel, picturing the site of Independence Hall and demonstrating the importance of elections as public occasions.

How We Learned to Love the Constitution

… political culture: a strong suspicion of government, an accompanying spirit of liberal capitalism, a sweeping ideology of democracy (if only, at first, for white males), continental nationalism and an emphasis … emphasize that February 17, 1801, marked the triumph of new ways — Jeffersonian ways — of seeing ourselves and the …
Custis Lee (1832–1913) on horseback in front of the Jefferson Davis Memorial in Richmond, Virginia on June 3, 1907, reviewing Confederate Reunion Parade.

Trent Lott and the Collapse of Southern Mythology

… drawing to a close, the ghosts of Southern history have become important players in national politics. The fallout … the wrath of his neo-Confederate supporters. Such ghostly visitations are hardly new in a region whose history is … continue, but seen in new perspectives. And in a very real way, these will remind us that the past hardly ever intrudes …
Iceberg, St. Lunaire.

A Postcard from Newfoundland

… I know this because this story, in various forms, was relayed to me by everyone from a museum docent to … people in harvesting sea life off the banks of what would become Canada’s eastern shore. Cod—so synonymous with fishing … impossible to provide to such disparate outports. The only way to bring Newfoundland into the cash-based economy with …

Feast and Famine: The Global Food Crisis

… countries experienced food riots. "Hunger seasons" have become the norm in many parts of the global south, and women … dimensions. It is perhaps the starkest, most basic way in which global inequality is manifest. It has many … kind of power: masculine, racial, imperial, and national (vegetarianism, reactively, was born in its modern guise in the …
King speaking to an anti-Vietnam war rally at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, April 27, 1967.

Which Martin Luther King to Honor?

… sides their full due, we will be honoring only a bloodless, comforting reflection of the whole troubling man.  Most … as two branches of the same root problem: the American way of life had become “thing-oriented” rather than … and militarism were inseparable and a legitimate target for nonviolent civil disobedience. That was why he was …
The Beatles arrive in 1964 to meet their new fans in America.

50 Years Ago: the Beatles, Rock, and Race in America

… fans and flashbulbs from the many reporters who would inform the nation that a new kind of British Invasion had … would help define American life for generations to come. In 1964, the relatively new musical genre of rock and … market dominated by black talents. As blues and jazz made way for rock and roll and eventually rap, “race music” …
Print of "Galveston's Awful Calamity".

Galveston 1900: 125 Years After the Storm

… Americans had homes in Galveston, particularly along Broadway, and consequently it was the first city in Texas with … become the leading cotton port in the U.S. Travelers could get direct steamships to Europe , Cuba , and Mexico, and … , while railroads brought the Texas cotton crop and summer visitors alike. But the city was built on a barrier island …
Ivan Aivazovsky, a Native of Feodosia, Crimea, is known as one of Russia's greatest painters, and one of the world's best at seascapes. The Battle of Sinop (Russian and Turkish Navies), 1853

Top Ten Origins: Stories from Crimea

… The Crimea that most people have come to know is a peninsula occupied by Russian forces, … local peoples the Tauri when he came to the region to visit Greek colonies. Greeks had settled at the magnificent … Poster depicting Russia and Ukraine. Entitled "Eternally Together" In 1954, to commemorate the 300 th anniversary of …
George Holliday's footage of Rodney King being beaten by police in 1991

The 1992 Los Angeles Rebellion: “No Justice, No Peace”

… evidence of the LAPD’s excessive use of force and confirmed complaints of police brutality made by black and Latino … and parts of the San Fernando Valley nearly thirty miles away from the predominantly African American neighborhood of … and 36.2 percent were African American. Many of the targets of violence were Latino immigrants—or perceived …
Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany.

Peace through Olympic Sport?

… corruption scandals, doping controversies and rampant commercialism have done so little to dent the popularity of … the shooting." In reality the Olympics, in their own small way, do help promote peace. But defenders too often cite the … to showcase the achievements of Nazism, and many foreign visitors were impressed by the gleaming new stadiums and the …
The Obama family attending a 2014 Easter service at 19th Street Baptist Church.

Democrats Revive Our Civic-Religious Traditions

… who make up the Religious Right, faith is important when it comes to moral issues such as abortion and homosexual … Equally important, they are employing religious belief in a way that better reflects the Founding Fathers’ practice of … Civic humanism and Christianity have always worked well together in American life. Eighteenth-century political …
This postcard depicts a recreation of the Arbella, the ship that carried John Winthrop and his fellow Puritans to present-day Massachusetts.

From Forgotten Phrase to American Myth

Review of As a City on a Hill: The Story of America’s Most Famous Lay Sermon , by Daniel T. Rodgers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018)
… you find the phrase inspirational or empty. Either way you know it because it is so familiar, as woven into the … political and religious debates swirling in the world of Reformation England . It doesn’t really envision a future … seemed to me, foreshadows what the United States would become more than the Puritan outpost of Boston. After all, …
The Champs Elysees crowded with French patriots after the liberation of Paris in 1944.

We Didn’t Go It Alone in 1944

… “freedom fries” and accused the French of cowardly betrayal for refusing to follow the White House into war. Now, with a … that Americans have drawn from World War II paved the way for the dangerously unilateral policies now causing so much trouble in Iraq. When it comes to remembering World War II, Americans should be more …