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The Long, Long Struggle for Women's Rights in Afghanistan

… had very recently joined forces with the celebrated Tajik commander Ahmad Shah Massoud to establish the "Northern … nothing demonstrates the essentially "backward" or "medieval" nature of Afghan society more than its treatment of … and society—scantily clad western women flaunting their bodies and their open sexuality are seen as a foundational …
The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman Book Cover

The Jamestown Project

Review of The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007)
… Historians have come to love the milestone anniversaries of significant … underway proposing settlements in Ireland, the West Indies, Guiana, Newfoundland, and New England. Jamestown was … well crafted narrative that should appeal to many audiences with tales of adventure, piracy, warfare, struggle, …

The Ukrainian Crisis: In Russia's Long Shadow

… of Ukraine: Russia cannot be an empire without Ukraine and coming to terms with Ukraine’s separate nationhood is a … Both Russians and Ukrainians look back to the mighty medieval empire of Kyivan Rus′, which accepted Christianity in … the first Orthodox monastery and graves of legendary medieval knights. For Russians after 1991, this foundational …
Photo of A. Mitchell Palmer, a congressman from Pennsylvania who later became the U.S. Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson.

Cracking Down on Dissent

… to keep close tabs on them. Spying on dissidents has become official policy since police departments were advised … I. Other “scares” followed. From 1938 to 1945 Rep. Martin Dies of Texas, no defender of civil liberties, chaired the House Un-American Activities Committee and pursued domestic “enemies.” With the onset of …
2013 St. Patrick's Day parade in Wappingers Falls, New York.

The Wearing of the Rainbow

… place in colonial New York City (by regiments of Irish soldiers in the British Army). But it was in the mid-19th … this ideal, but it's important to recognize how far we've come. It's in this sense that the St. Patrick's Day parade … experience in America. From the very beginning it has embodied the spirit of tolerance and inclusion that has helped …
a Galapagos sea turtle swimming in the ocean

What’s “Natural” on the Galapagos Islands?

The youngest, westernmost islands are still volcanically active and are thought to be no more than 700,000 thousand years old.
… devoid of animal or plant life. This initial isolation, combined with its location at the confluence of three … sexual arousal and copulation to rearing, socializing, and diet. For example, since tortoises’ sex is …
artwork entitled Can You Pass the Acid Test

The Acid Tests

… The Grateful Dead. Acid, also known as LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a powerful hallucinogen that elicits a … supply of synthetic Psilocybin (the active psychedelic ingredient in “magic mushrooms”) from Sandoz pharmacy. In the … author Tom Wolfe brought the Acid Tests to a much wider audience with the publication of his book The Electric …
A protest for nuclear disarmament

We Cannot Afford to Neglect Nuclear Disarmament

… for new nuclear weaponry. The U.S. refusal to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to eliminate nuclear test … and the United States aren’t on the same page when it comes to dealing with Iran. Great danger also exists in …
A map of northern Ireland

Ending the War in Northern Ireland

… is over. There will be celebrations, and peace will be welcomed by the ordinary people of Ulster. But as the great … poet William Butler Yeats once observed, sometimes “peace comes dropping slow.” History stands like a ghost at the … Ireland’s underground armies revolve around who has purest commitment to the cause, and Gerry Adams and Martin …
Cambodia's Prime Minister Hun Sen in 2012.

War Crimes: The “New Era” Looks Like the Old

… surface of this dispute is a fundamental clash between the competing claims of national sovereignty and universal human … Throughout the 1990s, the basic distinction between soldiers and civilians all but disappeared in places such as … from $114 million to $57 million. After the end of the bloodiest century in human history, the “international …
President James A. Garfield

The Assassination of President Garfield

… As the president made his way to the train, chatting companionably with Secretary of State James G. Blaine, a man … body for two and half months. Surrounded by his family, he died on September 19, 1881, plunging the entire nation into … ballot, Congressman and Senator-Elect Garfield emerged as a compromise candidate, ultimately winning the nomination on …
An abandoned building in Chernobyl

A Postcard from Chernobyl

… cloud was detected over Sweden did the full extent become known to the authorities in the Soviet Union’s capital … for “nature”: humans or radioactivity? Some scientific studies indicate an abundance of wild life, especially large … Jim Green, “Chernobyl - how many died?” The Ecologist , 26th April 2014 …
In this 1805 painting, the artist imagines American planter and Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins teaching Creeks to use a plow on his Georgia plantation.

Reflecting on Justice 200 Years after the Creek Civil War

… allows us to reflect on such important ideas as justice, communal violence, and political legitimacy. Like any civil … views among Creek people concerning the direction of their communities. But the civil war was also about justice. … 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend (and making McIntosh a brigadier general). But the victorious faction of Creeks soon …
Ukrainian refugees board a train in Lviv, February 2022.

West Ukraine’s War Stories: A New Chapter?

… this region has also been central to Ukraine’s complex journey to define itself. In the Soviet era and in … build a national movement with those they viewed as their compatriots living in imperial Russia , rich and often … of life in the rapidly changing Russian empire.  Even a common religious foundation eluded these groups, with …
Marlin Stutzman US senate campaign, 2016 (Support a Balanced Budget Amendment)

An Amendment Whose Time Has Never Come

… to popular enthusiasm for a simplistic solution to fiscal complexities, a responsible minority treated the … checkbook where failure to limit household spending to income courted disaster. This analogy ignored the reality that … The repeated defeats of balanced budget amendments should come as no surprise. The Framers deliberately made amendment …
David Ben-Gurion proclaiming Israel's independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl.

Zionist Idea of Security Blocks Path to Peace

… Pinsker, set the pattern in 1881. Anti-Semitism “can never die,” he maintained. Wherever Jews live among foreigners, … as a permanent fact of life. The Zionists aimed to overcome that psychological infirmity by making the Jews a … Holocaust theologian Emil Fackenheim once told an audience that Israel might be destroyed by its enemies. Still, …
Computers utilized by U.S. Navy personnel in 1998.

What the Internet Will Bring Us

… ultimate solution to problems of (pick one, or pick many) communication, commerce, travel, learning, teaching, thinking? Much of the … of Defense created in 1969, the transcontinental railroad (completed exactly a hundred years earlier) brought …
Marina Silva (PSB)

10/21/2014: Top Ten Origins: Brazil's Presidential Elections

… economically most important countries in the world, the outcome of these elections is significant not just for … direct involvement in politics ended in 1985. (Right) Soldiers guarding Guanabara Palace in Rio de Janeiro, March 31, … was elected president of Brazil in 1985 but fell ill and died before he was sworn in. Aécio began his political …
Cover of Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm by Harold James.

Blood and Steel

Review of Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm, by Harold James (Princeton University Press, 2012)
… crimes." 1 Partially as a result, the name Krupp has become synonymous with war profiteering, armaments and the … its legacy. Where Manchester's work heavily emphasizes the company's arms sales, James presents a more balanced account … and was removed from the list of merchants in Essen. 2 He died impoverished two years later. It was his son, Alfried …
The Favorites of Emperor Honorius by John William Waterhouse depicts the emperor's court in the 5th century CE.

Financing Salvation in Late Antiquity

Review of The Ransom of the Soul: Afterlife and Wealth in Early Western Christianity, by Peter Brown (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015.)
… of the living, and that the property of the church had come to be thought of as being held as a trust with which to … Western Christianity.  This, in my opinion, impedes his audience from considering the true centrality of the issues of … considering authorial behaviors. Whatever ancient and medieval bishops preached and wrote about poverty, they …
McCain formally announces his candidacy for president in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 2007.

Why McCain and His Running Mate Demand Special Scrutiny

… had better think again. Of the eight presidents who have died in office, four were killed by assassins. Youth and a … mates of even young and vigorous presidents should be completely qualified to take over all presidential duties in … then World War II — that it's hard to believe that when he died in office of a cerebral hemorrhage he was only 63.   …
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights leaders in 1963.

Giving Up on the Dream?

… to stir the nation after four decades. Yet the black community still struggles to decide whether to follow King’s … biblical approach to leadership that has allowed the black community to proudly maintain its political independence … He had already been jailed for his non-violent civil disobedience in pursuit of those goals. Today’s black leaders have …