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The Pride Flag being hoisted onto the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington.

Hatred Aimed at Gays Hurts All

… too many other offenses go largely unreported in mainstream media. Some would argue that to focus on barbaric killings … hands in public, embracing at an airport, or from being comfortable in workplaces where heterosexual family photos … signals of same-gender love. This culture has a deep and complicated history as the Freemasons engraving and poem …
Cover of Trotsky A Biography by Robert Service.

Trotsky: A Biography

Review of Trotsky: A Biography, by Robert Service (Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009)
… speculative thinking with his new biography on Trotsky. Coming after his previous biographies on Lenin and Stalin, … public statements that the perspective of his career is most effectively reconstructed" (5), Service uses previously … party and military correspondence, confidential speeches, medical records and the first draft of Trotsky's My Life to …
West Berliners stand amid the rubble of WWII and watch U.S. Air Force transport planes land at Templehof Airport during the Berlin Airlift in 1948.

The Berlin Airlift

… support. Regardless of the reasoning, it is evident that most West Berliners relied either entirely or mostly on the … new runways in both major West Berlin airports just to accommodate the increased traffic from the large, heavy, … of Britain in the Berlin Airlift" "The Berlin Blockade Revisited" …
A scene from the revolution

The People Power Revolution, Philippines 1986

… For a moment, everything seemed possible. From February 22 to 25, 1986, hundreds of … since well before Marcos’s declaration of martial law. Committed activists who organized underground in the … signaling that Marcos no longer had the backing of his most powerful ally. On the evening of February 25, the U.S. …

A Fresh Start for Pakistan?

… in 1947, Pakistan’s political elites have faced regional, communal, and religious obstacles to building a stable, … neighbors. It began independent life divided into the almost unworkable split of West and East Pakistan (today’s … for Pakistan until 1956. Liaquat Ali Khan, who was named prime minister in 1947, found it difficult to craft a …
Cygnet, Ohio, in Wood County was a booming oil town with 13 saloons and many workers when this photo was taken in 1885.

An Energy Plan for You!

… Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … seen whether George W. will allow his administration to be completely captured by his fossil fuel buddies. Eisenhower, … special interest in a crowd of voices raised on behalf of medical reform, gun control, abortion rights and other …
The United States Declaration of Independence

The Writing Is Faded, the Message Lives

… for much needed repairs. There is no reason for concern. Most Americans will tell you that the Declaration is a … It would take another month before John Hancock and most of the other delegates could sign the now famous … was brilliant, but the process nearly destroyed the text. Compounding the damage was the decision in 1841 to put the …

A New Congo Crisis?

… appeared at a time when elections in the Congo were almost a year overdue. Opposition groups, civil society … for current president Joseph Kabila to step down. It has become a cliché to contrast the Congo’s tremendous economic … 1959, and independence became inevitable, the moment seemed like a time of longed-for possibilities. Just as quickly …
Photo of A. Mitchell Palmer, a congressman from Pennsylvania who later became the U.S. Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson.

Cracking Down on Dissent

… old days of spying on peaceful Americans? In February, the most ominous challenge to political freedom from the … to keep close tabs on them. Spying on dissidents has become official policy since police departments were advised … Americans critical of their government’s policies cannot be trusted. After all, it’s their country, too. Murray Polner …
The last Soviet forces leave Afghanistan via Friendship Bridge in February of 1989

What They Left Behind: The Soviet Union in Afghanistan

… and offer support in its fight with rebel forces. After almost a decade of occupation, in February 1989—twenty-five years ago—the Soviet Union completed withdrawal of its combat forces across the … industrial enterprises, and an increase in the number of medical clinics, academic institutions, and urban …
Statue of Sancho Panza in Madrid, Spain

Kindred Spirits: Shakespeare and Cervantes in Life and Death

… figures, one a playwright, the other a novelist, died almost simultaneously remains a coincidence full of symbolism. … the rights of his novel to a printer. He was buried in a common grave. Most profoundly, our modern sensibility is … of the Bible, the  Iliad  and  Odyssey , the  Divine Comedy  and the  Canterbury Tales —didn’t explore our inner …
Detail from the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.

Common Good and Common Evil in American Religion

Review of America’s Religious Wars: The Embattled Heart of Our Public Life, by Kathleen M. Sands (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019)
… you do not discuss religion, sex, or politics in polite company. Sex to one side, in America’s Religious Wars, … relations through the lens of religion or through its opposite, secularism. Conflict between these one-or-the-other … entirety of Sands’s history though it is specifically framed in the context of debates over neo-creationism in the …
Print depicting the USS Olympia firing on the Spanish fleet during the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.

Top Ten Origins: Puerto Rico and the United States

… 2018, President Donald Trump made a set of disparaging comments about Puerto Rico. They underscored just how little … saw the Commonwealth Bill as an extension of what they claimed was modern American imperialism. In response to … and the Hill: Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) Site of the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) …
Lindh photographed after being transported to Camp Rhino.

Walker’s Misguided — But No Traitor

… as taking up arms against the government or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. The offense is extremely serious and … no treason. Of course Walker is wrong in the eyes of most Americans, even if sincere. A Muslim for four years, he … do. Walker has committed no treasonous act. What he has most likely done is to violate the nation’s neutrality laws. …
American soldier conducting patrol with an Iraqi soldier.

What the Vietnam War Tells Us About Iraq

… into Vietnam’s civil war. Another similarity may prove the most troublesome of all for President Bush. Citizen troops — … attempted the same kind of program in Vietnam. It failed completely. The second measure calls for an Iraqi government … and religious divisions and currently in the midst of an armed rebellion against foreign occupiers and their Iraqi …
Reagan in 1982.

Exit Gen. Grant – Enter St. Ronald?

… at Thanksgiving, Republicans don’t want much to do with most of them any more. Of course, some of them we would all … to acknowledge that Eisenhower was perfectly content with most of FDR’s New Deal, or that Teddy Roosevelt was a … to study photographs of official Soviet events to see which Communist Party members were visible and which had been …

Russia, Gay Rights, and the Sochi Olympics

… delegation to Sochi. Inadvertently, the Sochi games have become the gay games. Homosexuality in Russia Today The … while views in the West are moving quickly in the opposite direction. Attitudes towards gays and lesbians have … and superior culture. Ivan Kireevskii (1806-1856), the most important of the Slavophiles, suggested that Russia had …
Administrative building in the Hague in 1939.

First World War of the Twenty-First Century?

… crisis to crisis (in China, Morocco and Bosnia) until the most devastating war in human history — to that point — … Now the question again surfaces: will the international community be able to avoid the slide toward war? It remains … policy since the end of the Cold War has similarly seemed to be on autopilot. Those responsible for international …
An unidentified U.S. Marine Corps corporal fires his weapon at a wounded, unarmed Iraqi lying on the floor of a gutted mosque in Fallujah, Nov. 13, 2004. by Kevin Sites found on NPR.org

Shooting the Wounded: What Are the Rules Now?

… the incident. This sort of act is nothing new in war. Unarmed, or seemingly unarmed, people have been killed before … again by soldiers making split-second decisions under almost inconceivable stress. This event, however, and the … the last decades of the 20th century. Tales of Americans committing atrocities in Korea have persisted for decades. …
Plate of enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Mexican Food in the United States

… Powder  The food tradition of the American Southwest has come about through various populations’ contributions over … a military town with transient servicemen and as a tourist site based on a fantasy heritage of the Alamo brought in … Tex-Mex spot is a fast-casual, sit-down restaurant found in most American cities and towns. It serves such dishes as …
"The Bosses of the Senate" (1889). Reformers like the cartoonist Joseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies.

The Dreary Science Meets Politics

… care of everything. This economic formula was fashioned most thoroughly by economist Milton Friedman in the mid-20th … They have imagined that era as a golden age of free-market competition and laissez-faire government.  Many of these … went on strike, big business repeatedly called upon the armed force of the state — local police, state guards, federal …
King Capital, caricature by the Slovenian graphic artist and illustrator Hinko Smrekar (first half of the 20th century).

Why Business Loves Laissez Faire

… care of everything. This economic formula was fashioned most thoroughly by economist Milton Friedman in the mid-20th … They have imagined that era as a golden age of free-market competition and laissez-faire government.  Many of these … went on strike, big business repeatedly called upon the armed force of the state — local police, state guards, federal …