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History, Memory, and the Art of Protest in Belarus

… Sweden, larger than the three Baltic republics (PDF File) combined, and larger than Austria. It would be the 11 th … or just over one-quarter of the population perished (by way of comparison, approximately 1.3 million Americans have … As to the project that involves the pun, Rufina puts it best: “This is what my people are doing, they are …
A portrait of Slobodan Milosevic

Glory and the New World Order

… of years the kings of Europe sought glory through a combination of military victories like Lepanto, the great … crush one's enemies and flaunt one's wealth and power. The best known exponent of this kind of egomaniacal monarchy was … united in the Grand Alliance and for eleven years pounded away at the French. By the end, Louis XIV's kingdom was no …
The "We Can Do It!" war-propaganda poster from 1943 was re-appropriated as a symbol of the feminist movement in the 1980s.

Which Side Are We On in the Struggle for Women’s Freedom?

For the last several years, the United States has depicted … lives are controlled in those nations observing some form of Islamic law. The Taliban first came to the world’s … – our ally in the fight against terrorism — women are even forbidden to drive cars. Social and political control over …
The Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Barry (DDG 52) launches a Tomahawk missile in support of Operation Odyssey Dawn on March 19, 2011.

What Can Air Power Achieve? From Rolling Thunder to Odyssey Dawn

… decision to launch Operation Odyssey Dawn, the code name for the air strikes against Libya's Moammar Gadhafi, … never quite sure what those air assaults should or could accomplish. Though he hoped that Hanoi would abandon its …   Like Obama, Johnson viewed air power as an attractive way to wage war thousands of miles from American shores. But …
President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Iran's nuclear ambitions and discusses North Korea's nuclear test.

Fighting a War in Name Only

… the global war on terror is the central event of our time, comparable to the great struggles of the last century … has become Americas mission to defend the peace through the forward march of freedom. Yet to peel back the rhetoric is … as if it didn’t exist. Pass through a major airport, visit a mall or grocery store, shop for a new car do …
Mourning banners hung at the south gate of Beijing university in the aftermath of the 1989 June 4th incident in Beijing

Survivor: the Chinese Communist Party

… Inspired by the spectacle of these dramatic demonstrations, foreign observers predicted that the days of the Chinese Communist Party were numbered. And yet, as we mark the 18th … Communists for help, treating Beijing as the world's best hope for keeping Pyongyang in check. This allows the …
Pearl Harbor Attack

War Can Threaten Civil Liberties at Home

… campus. A Saudi Arabian student at a city college in California was assaulted while walking near his home. These … the war in 1917, the German language was prohibited in some communities, and Americans even resorted to the absurd … without trial.” What happened then provides us with the best example of the consequences when aggressive, …

Policing the Police: A Civil Rights Story

… brown and black construction paper, lined the school hallways. Teachers gave lessons to help young students comprehend an American past with racial segregation, and how … D. Roosevelt’s administration saw in the old statutes their best chance to bring the police to heel. Using these …
Taiwanese flags on display for National Day, 2018.

The Taiwan Strait Conflict

… its economic and technological power via a military show of force for its territorial claims in the South China Sea and … put the entire  global economy in disarray and for years to come. Estimates of possible losses differ, but they are in … The split opened the door for Richard Nixon’s historic visit to the PRC in late February 1972, a trip facilitated …
Seen in 1986 with Ford Island in center. The USS Arizona Memorial is the small white dot on the left side above Ford Island.

Pearl Harbor Myth Poses Dangers

… to fight on until the enemy is utterly vanquished has become our shared myth. But its appeal is as dangerous as it … of United States – Muslim relations may be too easily forgotten, just as the history of United States – Japanese … came, like their airplanes, out of the blue. In the same way, the Pearl Harbor myth now masks the reality of the …
An Honored Medal: 1862-1896 Version of the Medal of Honor. Army Heritage Museum Collection.

Medal of Honor Upgrades Are Rare — And Should Be Rare

… Defense Secretary Leon Panetta pressuring him — as he did former secretary Robert Gates — to review the War on Terror's combat decoration recipients and upgrade some to the Medal … an enemy grenade knocked him to the ground as he made his way to the first group. He picked up an AK-47, gathered …
On August 8, 1918, 17,000 German soldiers surrendered to the Allies.

November 11, 1918: The End of World War I?

… the story goes. In January 1918, after forty-one months of combat, Allied troops were ready for a ceasefire, but they … Ferdinand Foch, and signed the Armistice in his railway car, parked in the French forest of Compiègne. The … been touched by death. Oftentimes, there was no grave to visit and no body upon which to perform funereal rights that …
President George W. Bush shakes hands with China's President Hu Jintao following his visit and meeting Sunday, Aug. 10, 2008, with the Chinese leader at Zhongnanhai, the Chinese leaders compound in Beijing.

What Open Skies Can Do For Chinese-American Relations

… the United States deals with China is one of the greatest foreign policy challenges Americans face in the 21st … exchanges and cooperation between their armed forces. A competition in armaments between China and the United States … between the United States and China will go a long way toward ensuring future stability in Asia. The example of …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… understandings of how disease is transmitted within the community. As a general rule, respirators function by … A National Guardsman sews a cloth face mask.  (right) . The best way to mitigate the problem of COVID-19 continues to be …
Veterans Day Poster 1980.

Keeping Veterans Day Alive

… across the nation this year. New York, Pennsylvania and California city officials cut back on observances of the …   November 11 was originally known as Armistice Day to commemorate the 11th day at the 11th hour of the 11th month … communities want to de-emphasize Veterans Day. This is no way to treat the 23 million men and women among us who have …
Cover of 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War by Benny Morris.

The Battle For 1948

Review of 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, by Benny Morris (Yale University Press, 2008)
… leader David Ben-Gurion warned: "We must see the situation for what it is. On the security front, we are those attacked … this new generation of Israeli scholars. This controversy – combined with his scholarship, popular writings, and … of Israel's most prominent public intellectuals. Morris's latest book, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, …

From Baghdad to Kabul: The Historical Roots of U.S. Counterinsurgency Doctrine

… the benefit of the clear military or geographic objectives common to more conventional wars. This lack of knowledge … also alienated the Vietnamese peasantry by driving them away from their ancestral homes, and into the waiting arms of … support for the insurgent cause, but also clearly in their best interests. Executed properly, civic action and …
Crowds outside the Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931.

Blame It All on Unintended Consequences

… of unintended economic consequences. They can be propitious for growth, or not. Usually they move in different … consequences to explain how individual ambition served the common good. It’s not from the benevolence of the butcher, … the transfer of color TV technology to Japan. In the merry way of unintended consequences RCA’s reactions to the decree …
American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century, by Kevin Phillips book cover.

American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century

Review of American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century, by Kevin Phillips New York: Viking, 2006
… these middle class professionals were tacitly responsible for the crises that reverberated through the United States … helped inspire. Like Nixon in late 1969, the author has become immensely disillusioned with America's leadership class … within the Republican Party. American Theocracy , in many ways, synthesizes his previous arguments into a cogent whole …
Habana Lions Baseball Players 1946-47

Baseball Without Borders

Review of Havana Hardball: Spring Training, Jackie Robinson, and the Cuban League, by Cesar Brioso (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2015).
… utilizing their spring training season in Havana to perform a grand experiment in racial integration (xi).  … not discrete organizations, but frequently interacted and competed, sharing players and locations, effectively … in his debut game (15).  This exchange of players went both ways, with white Cuban players, such as Adolfo Luque, …
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, March 1, 1780. Pennsylvania State Archives.

The Forgotten First Step Toward Freedom

… could be permanently enslaved. The British, who did not form their first antislavery organization until seven years later, are usually credited with this accomplishment, having banished slavery in their remaining … intricate statutes elsewhere, every Northern state found a way to phase out unfree labor. New Jersey was the last to do …
Illustration of Adam and Eve.

Changing the Constitution to Protect Adam and Eve?

… by two-thirds of each house of Congress. It’s then a matter for the states, three-fourths of which, acting either … The amendments intrude on local governance in hundreds of ways, from regulating bingo games in the town of Jasper to providing for the compensation of the Judge of Probate in Barbour County. As a …
Joel Roberts Poinsett on a background of poinsettias.

Poinsettia Day, the Monroe Doctrine, and U.S.-Mexican Relations

… Every holiday season, at least for the last 70 years or so, the red and green plant that … Congress to honor the passing of Paul Ecke, Jr., who helped commercialize the plant in the United States in the middle … outcome of Spain’s surrender, he set the tone.  Next, he visited the estate of a wealthy Philadelphia merchant to …
KKK members displaying the Nazi salute and Holocaust denial signs.

Facing Anti-Semitism and American History

… the anti-Semitism of their past. Perhaps it is now time for Americans to reexamine their past as well. Austria has become something of a pariah state because its governing … forced to confront historical anti-Semitism in the same way that Germany and Austria have. We were on the side of …