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The Other Half of the African Sky: Women’s Struggles in Zimbabwe

… time, Zimbabwe's gross domestic product (GDP) had been shrinking significantly for several years. Since then, the nation … about the trials that WOZA activists endure in making their concerns known, including being "gassed, … in 1984 and named in honor of Robert Kennedy after his 1968 assassination, honors human rights defenders "across the …
illustration of woman getting cow pox variolation

Top Ten Origins: Vaccination

… Producing Vaccines in the Lab Louis Pasteur photographed working within his laboratory, undated. Later in the nineteenth … to Vaccines: Treating Diptheria This poster from the United Kingdom, circa 1960, advocates diphtheria immunization. … In 2014, public health workers in Pakistan working to immunize people from polio were murdered by …

The Real Marriage Revolution

… was polygyny—one man and multiple women. We're not just talking about exotic island cultures or lost tribes in the … ancient India, the Middle East, Africa, China, and many kingdoms in South America. The upper classes in several … to deprive another British citizen of her liberty by locking her up, even if she was his wife. English common law, …
From left to right, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, and Vice President Dick B. Cheney having a working lunch in 2007.

Foreign Policy Doesn’t Need a Mandate

… Not only did Johnson reach the Oval Office following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, but he … politics has its own logic and grammar. Even lacking a crisis abroad, a president can ultimately overcome …
A long line of migrants in India

Migration and Mobility: Yesterday and Today

… Harper Collins, Seal Press, Rowan and Littlefield and St. Martin's Press. Last but not least, please meet Robin Judd. … So it's, as contemporary people we are so used to thinking about the passport, the document and the border check … is a given. But we have to remember that historically speaking this a very recent thing that only came into being in …
Troops of the French 2nd Armored Division parade down the Champs-Élysées on 26 August 1944

The Liberation of Paris

… its famous bar and helped himself to several dozen dry martinis. The residents of Paris throng the streets to greet … everyday French citizens and the active support of high-ranking French officials and prominent elites like fashion … residents? Disillusioned with Hitler and the war? Looking to save his own reputation and avoid Allied prosecution …

How Public and Private Enterprise Have Built American Infrastructure

… of the above plus highways, the Internet, and interstate banking. The American capitalist system is a mixed economy, … support through establishing a legal system, encouraging banking expansion, and offering direct and indirect subsidies … private investment came from Europe, especially the United Kingdom.) An 1855 lithograph of the Erie Canal at Lockport, …

The Ukrainian Crisis: In Russia's Long Shadow

… and the eruption of separatist insurgencies in Russian-speaking regions of eastern Ukraine. Sanctions imposed on Russia … and confusions about Ukrainian identity centuries in the making. Ukraine, Russia, and History Ukrainian-Russian … Ukrainian, but would expect the Ukrainian to switch to speaking Russian and not the other way around. Assimilation is …
Liu Bang, or Emperor Gaozu of Han

Liu Bang, from Peasant Rebel to Emperor

… posthumous histories of his reign . This process of myth-making was initiated by Liu Bang himself upon his ascension to … (“Sir Liu” and “Madam Liu”). They were farmers, working the rice paddies that stretched out from the Yellow … to execute the other. Liu Bang narrowly avoided his own assassination and fled with his army. Four years later, in …

A New World Order? Africa and China

… Abdul Nasser of Egypt, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, and King Hasan of Morocco. Africa became a Cold War zone where … in Africa during the first decade of independence. Seeking for ways to compete with the superpowers for control … from the World Bank in the late 1960s to build a railway linking the copper-producing region with the sea in Tanzania. …
Photo of Eugene V. Debs from 1900.

Let’s Hear It for the Losers!

… could beat the depression-plagued Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren ("Little Van, the Used-Up Man"). They were … votes. There are other ways of counting losers besides looking at the final outcome. Some candidates in American …
The view of Dresden and the Elbe River from the very top of the Frauenkirche.

A Postcard from Dresden, Germany: Living in the Shadow of World War II

… devastation. Located in the heart of the “Old Town,” the Lutheran church of our Lady, Frauenkirche, was one of the … mass influx of refugees from war-torn parts of the globe seeking asylum in Germany. In fact, Dresden and surrounding … hold protests and demonstrations against Pegida. While walking through Neustadt, one sees many signs welcoming …
Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 1562 painting "The Triumph of Death" depicts the turmoil Europe experienced as a result of the plague.

The Black Death and its Aftermath

… took both rich and poor, rural and urban: the daughter of King Edward III of England died of the plague in the summer … its reach, and the poor suffered disproportionately. Strikingly, if a mother survived the plague, her children tended … resource wars—began a search for new ways to the East, making their way south along the African coast, launching an …
Still image from the Movie The Bridge (Criterion Collection).

Top Ten Origins: World War II Films

… monk, decides to bury the dead. In one of the most striking scenes from The Burmese Harp , Mizushima comes upon a … of the film, we learn Alyosha later died in the war, making the journey and its climax all the more moving. 5. Army … in the United States until 2006. 6. Overlord , United Kingdom, Stuart Cooper, 1975 Still from Overlord  (Criterion …

Trade Wars: The Collapse of America's Free Trade Consensus

… so roundly rejected free trade. Yet what is even more striking is that Trump’s opposition to trade agreements appeared … Prize in 1945, the awarding committee summed up Hull’s thinking this way: “High tariffs are barriers obstructing the … right, Cordell Hull, Canadian Prime Minister W.L. Mackenzie King, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the …
This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Native Americans.

Tea Parties Then and Now — A Crucial Difference

… newly elected Democratic president, Barack Obama, began working with Democratic majorities in the Senate and the House … lost to smuggling.   So in May 1773 Parliament passed and King George III assented to the Tea Act, which allowed the … get its taxes, and, because middlemen would no longer be taking a cut, colonists would actually be paying less for …

Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: America's Love Affair with the Two-Party System

… a bourbon in the other, listening for the sounds of a cracking foundation. Karl-Rove-vs.-Tea-Party smackdown ! … winning an election in the first place. Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren were ideal political partners in this new … party period. Roosevelt became President in 1901 upon the assassination of William McKinley. In 1904 , he was …
War News from Mexico (1848).

“Hostilities” and War Powers: Let’s Choose the Constitution

… that, "The provision of the Constitution giving the war-making power to Congress" was predicated on the fact that "kings had always been involving and impoverishing their …  In a democracy, "no one man should hold the power of" embarking on war.   Some Democrats, led by Sen. John C. Calhoun, …
Marker: "90 Miles to Cuba. Southernmost Point, Continental USA. Key West, FL"

Rethinking Cuba Libre

… with the island, in terms of perhaps colonizing or taking control of the island politically. But it wasn't until … which specified that we would not be occupying or taking control of the island. However, we would be able to … and to oppose the inter-American meeting. There was an assassination of a leader in Bogotá that had nothing to do …
US Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., signing the UN Charter on 26 June 1945. President Truman stands by at left (UN Photo/Yould).

The Signing of the United Nations Charter

… its creation was also proof that the United States was taking a more active role in world affairs. The San Francisco … regional authority (the Big Four: the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China). His staff and American …
Secretary of State John Kerry continued his meetings in Lausanne with Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif. Under Secretary Wendy Sherman and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz are participating in the meetings.

Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy

… considered a near-impossible task. Once again they are working to conclude an agreement with the Islamic Republic of … significant historical episodes of the United States working counter to the interests and wellbeing of the Iranian … according to a report published about a week after his assassination by the United States in January 2020, former …