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Hiroshima after the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city.

Terrorism: A New Kind of War?

… Cold War was designed to deter the Soviet Union from attacking the United States and its allies by threatening it with …
Stenciled graffiti of a priest pursuing two children

Secrecy and Celibacy: The Catholic Church and Sexual Abuse

… to the Vatican, a man named Thomas Doyle, who began looking into this question. The lawyer on the case and Doyle, … Most people have heard of the indulgence affairs that Martin Luther objected to, but there's also a pervasive form of …
Zombie scene from the 1968 film, Night of the Living Dead.

Top Ten Origins: Zombies: The Undead Shuffle

… colonial French rule in Haiti . Shaped by the edicts of King Louis XIV of France in 1685 that limited religious … beliefs that surround death and sorcery. Researchers looking for the origins of zombies outside of Haiti argue it is … growth of the genre that we know in the present. 9. Rethinking Zombies, from Ghouls to Monsters Covers of the 2006 …
French troops under Charles VIII entering Florence, 1494.

The Blood Behind the Beauty

Review of The Beauty and the Terror: The Italian Renaissance and the Rise of the West, by Catherine Fletcher (New York City: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… time in which they lived. Fletcher accomplishes this by walking the reader through nearly 150 years of Italian history, … urbanization, and the rise of Italian trade and banking, allowed for a vast concentration of wealth in … VIII invaded the Italian peninsula in order to conquer the Kingdom of Naples. Initially invited by some of the Italian …
The Benin Bronzes in the African Gallery at the British Museum.

LOOT: Colonial Collections and African Restitution Debates

… The best known example is the plunder of the capital of the kingdom of Benin in 1897 by a British “punitive” expedition, … symbolic “gifts,” such as an Ashanti stool that the United Kingdom returned to newly independent Ghana in 1957. These … around colonialism and its long-term effects, it is striking how similar the counterarguments against restitution …
tanks and soldier fighting in the Arab-Israeli Conflict

The World’s Longest War

… Wise diplomats, therefore, will not succumb to wishful thinking, dreaming of permanent solutions. The 58-year … its first climax in the 480s when Xerxes, the “Great King” of Persia, invaded Greece with an enormous army. …
President George W. Bush meets with his cabinet after his re-election.

The Founders Never Imagined a Bush Administration

… General Alberto R. Gonzales and Professor John Yoo, then working in the White House, Bush has insisted that there can be … 30 years ago during the Vietnam War, Congress passed laws making clear that presidents were not to engage in … agents, have both been violated by an administration seeking to restore "the legitimate authority of the …
On the first day of the uprising, protesters assembled around the fountain outside the Jeollanam-do Provincial Office, a site that would become central to the struggle against military oppression. Courtesy of the 5.18 Foundation.

Gwangju Isn’t Over

… their grip on power.  In December 1979, shortly after the assassination of Park Chung Hee, who had ruled South Korea …
Engraving of Robespierre.

The New Species of Terrorism

… it was Algeria’s Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN), seeking independence from France, that defined modern terrorism … need not call into question Yasser Arafat’s recent peacemaking moves to recall that for years his Palestinian … civilians while committing some of the world’s most shocking deeds. The constituent groups of Arafat’s PLO pioneered …
Nazis at Marienplatz in Munich during the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch.

Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch and Weimar’s Resolve

… occupation of the Ruhr by Franco-Belgian forces, stoking nationalist resentments.  The economy, already in … The eight-hour workday, a cherished promise to Germany’s working class that stood out as one of the few tangible … through these crises. Just one month later, as “vigilante” assassinations and political violence destabilized the …
Vicente Fox Quesada

Will Fox be a Mexican Jefferson?

… a decaying party and a restive electorate cracked it. The assassination of a PRI candidate in mysterious circumstances … the process of selecting candidates, as opposed to handpicking by incumbent party leaders or cabals. The final …
The Prima Porta Statue shows a powerful and youthful Augustus making an address

Celebrating Roman Emperor Augustus

… (then named Octavian) as his heir, and Julius’s assassination gave the young man an instant spot in the … grain supply, and the maintenance of public works, thus taking on the biggest responsibilities of any government. As … Prima Porta Statue shows a powerful and youthful Augustus making an address. This story is usually told and appreciated …
Chinese manufactured goods, like this jar from the Ming dynasty, were highly desired trade items.

Borne by the Waves: The Ocean’s Role in Global Trade

Review of The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans, by David Abulafia (Oxford University Press, 2019)
… David Abulafia’s The Boundless Sea  is not, strictly speaking, a history of oceans. As the sub-title suggests, this … role throughout this book. For instance, the medieval kingdom of Sri Vijaya in Sumatra thrived because its …
The Vengeance of Fulvia by Francisco Maura y Montaner, 1888 depicting Fulvia inspecting the severed head of Cicero.

Thinking of Dick Cheney as Cicero

… city into a state of panic by means of widespread arson and assassination, including the murder of Cicero. With the city … Senate’s advice, put the prisoners to death. Strictly speaking, the executions were illegal (as we are supposing … out a coup d’etat? When Cicero saved the republic by breaking the law, he had every reason to believe that he would …
A pro-union demonstration in Romania, 2009. The flag translates to "Moldova Our Sister"

Moldova and Romania: A Long and Complicated Relationship

… EU member, has stepped up to help its smaller, Romanian-speaking neighbor during this time of crisis. Bucharest has … until the mid-1800s.  Prior to this Romanian national awaking, the people who make up modern Romania and Moldova … his rule.  The union, however, soon collapsed with the assassination of Prince Mihai by a treasonous Habsburg …
World War II poster of American, British, Chinese, and Russian soldiers shaking hands.

Patrick Buchanan’s Forebears

… altogether. One of these influential isolationists was Martin Dies, the Texas congressman who chaired the House … for a pre-emptive attack on Britain and France before making war on the eastern front. And his impatience for …

The Other Half of the African Sky: Women’s Struggles in Zimbabwe

… time, Zimbabwe's gross domestic product (GDP) had been shrinking significantly for several years. Since then, the nation … about the trials that WOZA activists endure in making their concerns known, including being "gassed, … in 1984 and named in honor of Robert Kennedy after his 1968 assassination, honors human rights defenders "across the …
illustration of woman getting cow pox variolation

Top Ten Origins: Vaccination

… Producing Vaccines in the Lab Louis Pasteur photographed working within his laboratory, undated. Later in the nineteenth … to Vaccines: Treating Diptheria This poster from the United Kingdom, circa 1960, advocates diphtheria immunization. … In 2014, public health workers in Pakistan working to immunize people from polio were murdered by …

The Real Marriage Revolution

… was polygyny—one man and multiple women. We're not just talking about exotic island cultures or lost tribes in the … ancient India, the Middle East, Africa, China, and many kingdoms in South America. The upper classes in several … to deprive another British citizen of her liberty by locking her up, even if she was his wife. English common law, …
From left to right, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, and Vice President Dick B. Cheney having a working lunch in 2007.

Foreign Policy Doesn’t Need a Mandate

… Not only did Johnson reach the Oval Office following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, but he … politics has its own logic and grammar. Even lacking a crisis abroad, a president can ultimately overcome …
A long line of migrants in India

Migration and Mobility: Yesterday and Today

… Harper Collins, Seal Press, Rowan and Littlefield and St. Martin's Press. Last but not least, please meet Robin Judd. … So it's, as contemporary people we are so used to thinking about the passport, the document and the border check … is a given. But we have to remember that historically speaking this a very recent thing that only came into being in …
Troops of the French 2nd Armored Division parade down the Champs-Élysées on 26 August 1944

The Liberation of Paris

… its famous bar and helped himself to several dozen dry martinis. The residents of Paris throng the streets to greet … everyday French citizens and the active support of high-ranking French officials and prominent elites like fashion … residents? Disillusioned with Hitler and the war? Looking to save his own reputation and avoid Allied prosecution …

How Public and Private Enterprise Have Built American Infrastructure

… of the above plus highways, the Internet, and interstate banking. The American capitalist system is a mixed economy, … support through establishing a legal system, encouraging banking expansion, and offering direct and indirect subsidies … private investment came from Europe, especially the United Kingdom.) An 1855 lithograph of the Erie Canal at Lockport, …