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Official portrait of President Gerald R. Ford (February 25, 1976).

Will Vindication Elude Ford?

… evening, his well-deserved vindication will probably never come. Thrust into a difficult situation — one he handled … a war. Maintaining the status quo, by contrast, is far less impressive. But in Gerald Ford’s case, maintaining the … treatment accorded Ford may have been inevitable, and even necessary. With Nixon out of the public eye, the American …
A crowd of Syrian refugees in the Vienna airport

Road to Europe: The 2015 Migration Crisis

… I teach courses on Eastern Europe, nationalism, migration, communism, the Cold War, among others.   Dr. Robin Judd   … of people fleeing conflict, I mean, you do have that connection with the late nineteenth century in the contraction … Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which is revisited in 1946 when it becomes the IRO, the International …
Sputnik

Soviets Launch Sputnik, 1957

… its glow waxing and waning. The world in those days was far less polluted by background light than it is today: … of a satellite” to the world. Pravda put a distinctively communist spin on the news, arguing that “artificial … appeared) would be used for legitimate research and not for competition in what he called “an outer-space basketball …
The Sack of Panama: Captain Morgan and The Battle for the Caribbean, by Peter Earle Book Cover

The Sack of Panama: Captain Morgan and The Battle for the Caribbean

Review of The Sack of Panama: Captain Morgan and The Battle for the Caribbean, by Peter Earle (St. Martin's Press '07, $25.95, 292 pages, ISBN #0-312-36142-4; index, source notes, bibliography, unillustrated)
… most valuable colonial possessions in an era of uncertain communications and increased European competition. It also details the diplomatic problems faced … dilemma. Although English possessions in the Caribbean were less extensive, the government in London had as little (or …
Atomic bomb damage on Hiroshima gas building.

Time to Confront the Ethics of Hiroshima

… the atomic bomb. He added that justifications of "military necessity" will "never erase from our minds the simple truth … indefensibility of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima is becoming a part of the national conservative creed." But times … In recent decades most American conservatives have become uncritical of America's use of atomic weapons and …
The United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland) is the second biggest UN centre, after the United Nations Headquarters (New York City).

The U.N. may be dysfunctional, but it’s the kind of dysfunction that its founders intended

… would serve merely as an explicit reminder of the U.N.'s incompetence.   An examination of the situation with an eye to …   The post-First World War settlement, the Treaty of Versailles, had two critical problems:  First, it did not include … too quickly and therefore resulted in too many shortsighted compromises.   The order to follow the Second World War …
Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) Book Cover

Ho Chi Minh: A Biography

Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
… at the fringes of European and Asian societies, Ho's complex experiences have been canonized at home and abroad, with records from former communist territories off-limits, and formal writings from … man who moved in and out of the great political struggles of his times, influencing the trajectory of twentieth …
Heads of delegations at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), which led to the signing of the Paris Agreement.

Looking for a Common Language at Copenhagen

… of solving a problem facing the entire world, the summit’s composition best resembles a hodgepodge of national-or what in the United States … domestic constituencies may be the least amenable to the necessary tradeoffs involved in any diplomatic negotiation. … Looking for a Common Language at Copenhagen …
A Day in a Medieval City, by Chiara Frugoni Book Cover

A Day in a Medieval City

Review of A Day in a Medieval City, by Chiara Frugoni (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2007)
… from its rural surroundings. In her book, Chiara Frugoni scales these city walls to provide a glimpse into the daily … had written two short articles on urban life. Frugoni combined the two articles, included her own notes, and has … a swinging cradle (122). Again, saintly intervention is necessary. Frugoni evokes scenes that powerfully recreate …
Nazis at Marienplatz in Munich during the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch.

Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch and Weimar’s Resolve

… future.  Yet, as we look back, it is time we consider a less-explored aspect of this pivotal event: not as a failed … nation, Bavaria appointed Gustav Ritter von Kahr as State Commissioner General ( Generalstaatskommissar ), granting … of the devastating impact of the Treaty of Versailles, is credited with having resuscitated the German army in the …
Refugees eating lunch outside the barracks.

Waiting in Limbo: Life as a Refugee in Serbia

… Belgrade barracks. I met Jamil in Subotica, Serbia, 15 miles from the Hungarian border. He had a sunken face and dark … Swat, Pakistan, where he was pursuing a graduate degree in computer engineering. He left seven months ago because he … Europe for years, but what used to be a short-term campsite has become a semi-permanent residence for many who have …
President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton in the Oval Office in 2009.

Don’t Get Tough, Barack

… but one never talks to foreign potentates you don’t like unless you know from the outset that the result will be a win. … It’s good history, and it reflects a willingness to give credit where credit is due. It’s also called generosity of spirit, a …
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at the Civil Rights March on Washington in 1963.

Spring Marches on Washington

… pollution and global warming. A week later, gays and lesbians will mobilize their efforts with a Millennium March … reputation by ordering his men to attack their former comrades in arms with tear gas and riot weapons and burn … to an abortion. In 1987 and 1993, advocates of gay and lesbian rights marched on Washington in similar numbers. By …
President Gerald Ford in 1975.

The Forgotten Virtues of Gerald Ford

… the divisions among Americans. Gerald Ford did the opposite when he became president after the Watergate scandal. … deceptions of Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, plus their rough treatment of the media and political … he appeared before a joint session of Congress and pledged “communication, conciliation, compromise, and cooperation” …
John F. Kennedy and Dr. Alvin Weinburg at the Graphite Reactor Oak Ridge National Lab in 1959.

The Dangers – Then and Now – of a Pre-Emptive Strike

… Bush administration has wisely allowed the international community to take the lead in responding to the threat from … that its uranium-enrichment efforts have passed a new milestone are more show than substance and do not … they may realize that a nuclear strike on Iran’s processing sites, killing an estimated 10,000, would have similarly …
The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman Book Cover

The Jamestown Project

Review of The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007)
… Historians have come to love the milestone anniversaries of significant historical events. Such … at the opening of the seventeenth century, and it was not necessarily the most promising. As the Virginia Company was …
Drawing/wood engraving of the state capitol of Illinois at Springfield.

Can Illinois Again Lead by (Bad) Example?

… John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and Charles Sumner, to the Senate. Occasionally quests for Senate … the honor. By the 19th century’s end, the U.S. Senate had become widely known, as it still is today, as a “millionaires … The Senate itself, however, had consistently refused to comply.   Frustrated by Senate inaction and persistent …
Crowd photo at the 2017 Women's March in Washington DC

The Way We Never Were (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 1)

… Revolution--and learn that women in America have never been completely united.  … and, whereas in the colonial Era the home was also the site of labor, that ceases to be the case in complicated … story next time, on  Prologued . ( music ) Sarah Paxton ( Credits) This season of Prologued was brought to you by  …
Mexican flag in a square

Una Postal de la Ciudad de México

… ubicada en las afueras de la Ciudad de México, prosperó como una ciudad hace casi dos mil años. El ascenso y la … de los Mexicas ó Aztecas (los términos son intercambiables). Ellos fundaron la ciudad que hoy en día se conoce como la Ciudad de México. Se cree que la civilización Azteca …
Anti-draft protest outside the Department of Justice in 1967.

The Draft — for Democracy

… Opening the 108th Congress dramatically this month, Rep. Charles Rangel (D-NY) introduced a bill to bring back the … afford to do so continued their education, while their compatriots with lesser means often found themselves … an Asian jungle under fire. Young men with political connections, such as George W. Bush, snatched up scarce …
Female governors left to right, Nellie Tayloe Ross, Ella T. Grasso, Kay Orr, and Gretchen Whitmer.

A Century of Elected Woman Governors in the United States, 1924-2024

… William B. Ross died while governor in October 1924 from complications following an emergency appendectomy. The … had not previously held that office: Ella T. Grasso of Connecticut.  Previously, she served as a member of … office. October 1974 saw the passage of the federal Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA), which barred certain types of …
Cover of The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea by Edward J. Watts.

Falling for the Fall of Rome

Review of The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea by Edward J. Watts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021)
… *which* Roman decline and fall is the best parallel. Some commentators prefer the fall of the Roman Republic as the … particularly astute emails I’ve received have asked about lessons we can draw from the siege of the Roman Capitol … clear in the introduction he wants the reader to draw connections between Rome and modern politics . The …