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Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… the fate of Czechoslovakia. They agreed to Hitler’s demand for German annexation of the Sudetenland region of … Saddam Hussein’s desperate search for a face-saving way to get out of Kuwait before his nation was attacked — … really premeditated collusion with the dictators to fight communism elsewhere. Had they carefully examined the …
Actors in the Berezil troupe, 1922.

Ukrainian Theater on the Soviet Stage

… 1920, in the middle of war , a group of Ukrainians performed Macbeth . They had been in Kyiv, but the city was … Hello from Radio 477! . Hello from Radio 477! shows the way Europe shaped Soviet Ukraine. The production was … cavorted with dancing girls. Finally, the figure of comic writer Ostap Vyshnia was depicted hunting a line of …

What We Talk About When We Talk About Confederate Monuments

… the violence had already begun. But the worst was yet to come. Saturday’s rally was scheduled to start at noon, but … in Georgia. A view of the carvings on Stone Mountain, the visitor center, and the surrounding park ( left ). A … violence in Charlottesville has ratcheted up the stakes in ways perhaps unthinkable in our recent past. Although the …
Scene from the 11th century Bayeaux Tapestry depicting Norman cavalry attacking Anglo-Saxon soldiers.

The Norman Conquest of England, 1066

… the French Duke of Normandy. It is a reminder that the complicated, ambivalent, and sometimes hostile relationship … between England and the rest of Europe goes back a long way. Edward the Confessor In January 1066, Edward the … was regarded as belonging to an individual king, who might bestow it on someone of his choosing, though that risked …
Cover of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther's World and Legacy by Lyndal Roper.

The Legacy of Luther

Review of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy, by Lyndal Roper (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021)
For scholars of the Reformation , the question of legacy is … The prominent reformer, Martin Luther boasts the most complex legacy of his contemporaries because of how he … too. The book is divided into seven chapters that are best described as essays. The first chapter entitled “The …
In 2011, thousands of ultra-nationalist demonstrators took to the streets of Moscow, armed with tsarist insignia and shouting the anti-immigrant chant "Let's give Russia back to the Russians!"

Russia’s Lost Empire

Review of Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation, From 1470 to the Present, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2017)
… had been lost to foreign powers centuries before, had always been part of Russia. Thus, they concluded, Ukraine and … its arguments. Ultimately, Plokhy concludes that the best course for Russia would be to abandon its pursuit of a … and truly non-Russian populations dwelled . Readers might come away with the impression that the Russian Empire and …
NCAA Basketball championship banners.

The Big Business of “Amateur” Intercollegiate Sports

… educational mission. Administrators have decided that the best way to promote a university is to field winning men’s … by poorly compensated, short-term contract, adjunct, and visiting professors. Employees Who Don’t Get Paid For over a …
The Education of Little Tree by Forest Carter book cover.

Fake Autobiographies: A Great American Tradition

… The success of impersonator autobiographies has always depended on their authors' ability to exploit readers' … as fakes should make readers ask why these cliches are so compelling in the first place. Autobiographies, with their … white supremacists: "Little Tree" became a New York Times bestseller. If there's anything that Carter's story proves, …
Glacial melt from Myrdalsjökull glacier in the south (jökull means glacier in Icelandic). Note the alluvial cones formed by volcanic ash and sediment.

A Postcard from Reykjavik: Iceland’s Volcanic History

… been interwoven with human history. Although the data are incomplete, over 170 volcanic eruptions have been recorded in … seen from the Ring Road; Iceland's Ring Road, Highway 1, was completed in 1974 and circles the island in an … of almost 10% per year since 2000. The number of annual visitors doubled between 2000 and 2010, when half a million …
Painted poster of Saddam Hussein riddled with bullet holes in 2003.

Hybrid Justice for Hussein

former leaders have been brought to account for misdeeds committed while in office. But there are obstacles to trying … other nations — not that he was a domestic tyrant. So the best solution is to create a hybrid court — constituted as a … be brought to light. A mixed court offers us the best way to achieve this. Nikolas K. Gvosdev is a senior fellow …
A photo of the Steamship Martha Washington in 1913.

Thinking Differently about “Think Different”

… Apple Computer, Inc. has opened an ambitious, brilliant … and should win some awards, but it strikes one false note for those who know the history of the 20th century. Gandhi, … Apple and their advertising agency, Chiat/Day, may find his way of thinking differently is not quite the same as theirs. …
President John F. Kennedy delivers an address on the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

Historical Analogies: Handle With Care

… Historical analogies, comparing something in the present with what appears to be … Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany. Their attempt to buy him off with a strategic chunk of Czechoslovakia failed. … thinking in the missile crisis. He was struck by the way European leaders were boxed in by their military plans …
Cover of The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History by David Farber.

The Far Right Stuff

Review of The Rise and Fall of Modern Conservatism, by David Farber (Princeton University Press, 2010)
… a table with friends and fight over.  I mean that as a high compliment, since there are far too many books out there, … or has anything more than artifactual value.  At his best he was clever; at his worst – as when offering tortured … our people lap up and love" p. 133). Any book arranged the way Farber has constructed his invites questions about who …
Garden District of New Orleans.

Learning to Dance With the French

… remember. They just get on each other’s nerves. And they always have. Two centuries ago, the Americans and French … French Louisianians like myself no longer have much in common with our cousins in Paris. But in 1803, following the … American either. It’s a good reminder that the best marriages are based on a certain deference and …
Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District

1885: A European Colonial Dream and an African Nightmare

… where it passed like many others. Yet thousands of miles away in Berlin, the  General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa was signed.  The conference has become known for “carving up  the African continent ” for the … described what he witnessed when other Congolese tried to buy up rubber to insert themselves into the trade as …
Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by Joseph-Siffred Duplessis.

Apologizing for Slavery

… raised the question of whether the United States should formally apologize for slavery he stirred a debate that has raged ever since. Apologizing for slavery has become such a controversial issue not only because few … to humankind and must never be forgotten. We should always reexamine the past and those institutions that shaped …
Immigrant laborers, part of the Bracero program

Immigrant Deportations Today and the Continuing Legacy of "Operation Wetback"

… over 1 million people, most of them men. Just two years before Operation Wetback, the Border Patrol had deported half … 1942 ). The program intentionally recruited only men as a way to safeguard against their permanent settlement in the … less interest in actual immigrants who might settle and become part of the citizenry. The program thus conditioned …
Rural school children looking at a globe in 1943.

The Debate That Won’t Die

For a half-century after the end of the Scopes Trial in … that “problems are often not solved. . .they merely give way to others.” Dewey might have added that these unresolved … hibernation. The return of the problem today has been accompanied by its earlier logic. There is a striking …
Spirits of Defiance: National Prohibition and Jazz Age Literature, by Kathleen Drowne Book Cover

Spirits of Defiance: National Prohibition and Jazz Age Literature

Review of Spirits of Defiance: National Prohibition and Jazz Age Literature, by Kathleen Drowne (Columbus: Ohio State University, 2005)
… to loosen his creativity and imagination. As we have come to know Fitzgerald the person, the chances are good … plot are tied together with national prohibition and the ways in which individuals sought to escape the legal … and its prohibition became a literary topic, not just for Fitzgerald, but for many authors who wrote and published …
Cover of Trotsky A Biography by Robert Service.

Trotsky: A Biography

Review of Trotsky: A Biography, by Robert Service (Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009)
… humane. Robert Service, professor of Russian History at Oxford University, counters such speculative thinking with his new biography on Trotsky. Coming after his previous biographies on Lenin and Stalin, … Service's approach is only partially satisfying. The book's best section is Part One, which covers the years 1879-1913 …
Former President Jimmy Carter

Putting Ex-Presidents Back to Work

… Baker as co-chair, Carter will lead a national bipartisan commission on election reform. His prestige and experience … but they don’t do much for the nation. There ought to be a way to encourage former presidents to remain active and … a constitutional amendment and is not likely make the best use of their influence and abilities. A less formal …
Cover of The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea by Edward J. Watts.

Falling for the Fall of Rome

Review of The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea by Edward J. Watts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021)
… about this and about *which* Roman decline and fall is the best parallel. Some commentators prefer the fall of the Roman Republic as the model for our current crises while others select the fall of the … Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea by Edward J. Watts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021) …