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An Armenian woman leans over her dead child near Aleppo, Syria,1915.

On the Armenian Genocide

… On April 24, 2015, much of the world will commemorate the centennial of one of the most highly … communities that had lived in the Anatolian peninsula for more than 2500 years. Yet, although  Pope Francis … to render the Armenian Genocide controversial. Their latest efforts are centered at the University of Utah and …

"Merchants of Death": The International Traffic in Arms

… employed them in operations to deliver weapons to various combatants in Africa. By his own admission, he had flown … of ammunition from Liège to Ethiopia conveyed by the Dutch steamer Doelwijk . By 1898, no fewer than 300,000 guns and … market within nine weeks of landing the guns at Makran. Ultimately, these weapons found their way into the hands of …
The Vengeance of Fulvia by Francisco Maura y Montaner, 1888 depicting Fulvia inspecting the severed head of Cicero.

Thinking of Dick Cheney as Cicero

… criminal conduct, and they want somebody held accountable for this wrongdoing. Above all, they’d love to see former … formally by a court or informally by a non-judicial “truth commission”? Or should he be applauded as a patriot?   Look … measures were urgently needed, passed what is known as “the Ultimate Decree” — that is, a resolution that urged the …
A photo of Al Gore I\in Manchester, New Hampshire, campaigning for President of the United States in 1999

The Case of the Disappearing Vice President

… How? Because counting all the votes “is not a recipe for producing election results that have the public … Court went further: carefully counting all the votes would “ultimately lead to chaos.” The media have heeded the advice … votes for president. But he looked like a backwoods ruffian compared with the venerable John Quincy Adams. So elite …
Cover of The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany by Susannah Heschel.

God for Nazis

Review of The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany , by Susannah Heschel (Princeton University Press, 2008)
… of Abraham Heschel's work, the Prophets was written not for a Jewish audience but for people of faith in general. … Nazi anti Semitism and racial ideology required one to overcome a number of intellectual hurdles. How could one accept … create a hierarchy in races. The Christian spirit finds its ultimate expression within the Aryan race. Many German …
Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, 1922

The Long End of the Ottoman Empire

… Ottoman rule for centuries. The Balkan Wars saw atrocities committed against civilians on a massive scale. The … ethno-religious communities from one another. This policy ultimately sought to create new ethnographic realities on … were forcibly resettled in a “homeland” most had never even visited.  The overall perception of Lausanne’s bloodless …
A shopkeeper sits outside his store in the Cardo waiting for tourists and residents to stop in.

A Postcard from Jerusalem

… Map of the Old City in Jersualem. As it has for thousands of years, Jerusalem remains a place of where … Catholics, and Greek Orthodox now each have a section. Visitors can observe processions of monks, priests, nuns, … Residents of Silwan gather for a celebration at their community center. This is the same question the Palestinian …
Gunpowder Plot conspirators in front of a bonfire celebrating Guy Fawkes Night.

Powder Treason, Bonfire Night, and the English Art of Reinventing the Past

… fireworks light the sky and effigies burn. The celebration commemorates an event from 1605, when authorities discovered … Glorious Revolution and from propaganda to entertainment. Ultimately, Bonfire Night illustrates that English identity … English Heritage . N.D. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/real-story-of-bonfire-night/ Sharpe, J. A. …
Portrait of Jimmy Carter from 1979.

The Nobel Committee Speaks to America

… 11, the Norwegians awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize to former President Jimmy Carter. By giving him this honor at this time, the Nobel Committee seized the opportunity to express its concern over … initiated toward Iraq. Both the timing and the citation accompanying the prize hinted at more than Carter's undisputed …
An 1889 lithograph of the Historic Capitol of Tallahassee, Florida

For History’s Sake, Preserve Florida’s Presidential Ballots

For a majority of Americans, the "legitimacy" of George W. … to remain an unsettled and unsettling question. In years to come, hundreds of articles and books will flow from the pens … that contested election, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was ultimately declared the winner over Samuel J. Tilden. One of …
An image comparing Communism to Naziism

Historical Analogies and the China Debate

… on the other hand, are a very different matter. Unfortunately, bad analogies have come to dominate discussions of China in the American press. … imperial and Nazi analogies, however, dramatic contrasts ultimately undermine the validity of comparisons. When it …
Amish schoolhouse in 1941 Pennsylvania.

1/13/2015: Top Ten Origins: The Common Core Curriculum

… Kentucky school, 1946 Common Core is a set of voluntary standards in the United States for the public education system (K-12) that detail what … adopted only the language curriculum) . Click this link to visit the Common Core standards official webpage for an …
President George W. Bush

Policies for the Fearful: Rollback Then, Regime Change Now

… There is the same whiff of hysteria about prospects for the future that one finds in current administration … the test of the first Soviet atomic weapon in 1949. The combination of the Soviet Union’s atomic weapons and its … results, only that the United States never had to pay the price of those results. If there are lessons to be learned …
Demonstrators in steadily falling snow outside of the Wisconsin Capitol building.

Wisconsin: A History of Leading the Nation for Better or Worse

… the little girl with the curl right in the middle of her forehead:  When it's good it's very, very good, and when … power and with pampering their members at the cost of the common good. Union leaders, however, have offered to make … La Follette's reforms in Wisconsin were consistent with his ultimate goal:  to distribute more equitably the nation's …
A tractor purchased through the Marshall Plan for France.

Grand Fenwick, Afghanistan and Iraq

… that President Bush reads thick presidential biographies for policy guidance. But, having led a coalition to defeat … Not any funny movie, but “The Mouse That Roared.” That 1959 comedy was based on the premise that by the late 1950s both … and destruction without hurting their intended targets. The price of rebuilding Afghanistan — perhaps $2 billion ? may …
President James A. Garfield

The Assassination of President Garfield

… D.C. After a hectic first four months in office, he looked forward to taking the train to the New Jersey seashore. … As the president made his way to the train, chatting companionably with Secretary of State James G. Blaine, a man … Senator-Elect Garfield emerged as a compromise candidate, ultimately winning the nomination on the 36th ballot. …
Photograph of a mock-up of the Little Boy nuclear weapon dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in August 1945. This was the first photograph of the Little Boy bomb casing to ever be released by the U.S. government (it was declassified in 1960).

Sowing Nuclear Seeds of Division

… wanted to limit military spending by reducing conventional forces and basing U.S. security on nuclear weapons. But the … inventing new “nukes” and new ways to deliver them. He felt compelled to build almost all of them, lest the Russians get … and warmongers.” NATO did agree to nuclearize. But ultimately the United States national security establishment …

Pandemics: Today and Yesterday

… in biomedicine in recent years. Three of our “deadly companions.” Poliovirus ( left ), Influenza ( center ), and … physician Galen, we know that this pandemic, which would ultimately claim five million lives, spread throughout … of new travel technologies (especially railways and steamships). More significantly, during the Russian flu …
In the 2020 presidential election (held using 2010 census data) Joe Biden received 306 (●) and Donald Trump 232 (●) of the total 538 electoral votes. In Maine (upper-right) and Nebraska (center), the small circled numbers indicate congressional districts. These are the only two states to use a district method for some of their allocated electors, instead of a complete winner-takes-all.

Arguing the Electoral College: Pro

… An institution created generations before any of us were born in a  nation entirely unlike our … whose members can deliberately and calmly assess the outcome of an election and judge its impact upon the public … in Washington, D.C., was co-founder of the History News Service. He is most recently the editor of A Century of …
W.E.B. Du Bois c. 1911

150 Years Since the Birth of W. E. B. Du Bois

… Although he died more than 50 years ago, his life and work command more attention now than ever before. Many of his concerns, in some instances over a hundred … body of knowledge deserving the name of science.” He ultimately showed that the problems in the Seventh Ward—the …