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… universities to yield an annual, independent source of income. Endowment size has served as a proxy for academic … universities, which came to view their rivalry as normal, necessary, and even virtuous . In the late 20th century, … the economy of the United States did not produce enough surplus personal wealth to support huge benefactions, and most …

… thirty-year conflict in Northern Ireland known as the Troubles. By the time the violence ended in the late 1990s, the … Catholic Republic of Ireland, an utterly unacceptable outcome. They therefore fiercely fought the civil rights … and that participation in politics would foreclose the necessary armed struggle. Republican graffiti in Derry, …

… region. Yekelchyk starts his book by wasting no time with unnecessary or ‘nice to know’ information about Ukraine.  … the reader.   The reviewer’s photos during the peaceful component of the pro-democracy EuroMaidan protests.  December 2013. As current news broadcasts and websites talk of the plight of today’s Crimean Tartars, many …

… Dr. Nicholas Breyfogle   Hello, and welcome to The Global War on Drugs brought to you by the … the myth that cannabis is a weed. In reality, it's the opposite. Its one species name, Cannabis sativa, literally means … during the 20th century. Her research examines the connections between the cold war and the war on drugs in the …

… the 1700s, European smallpox epidemics seem to have been comparatively mild, with minimal death rates. But thereafter … We now estimate that epidemics among the native peoples of North and South America killed about 90 percent of … safe for the healthy, but it is not permanent. To remain completely protected, each person would need revaccination …

… played an outsized role in the 20 th century struggles for control of eastern Europe.  It was here that the … this region has also been central to Ukraine’s complex journey to define itself. In the Soviet era and in … cause in the Red Army. Others fought as partisans for an ultra-nationalist vision of a Ukrainian nation-state, …

… phone line or to check registration lists on a laptop computer. But very few majority-black districts received the … White and Hispanic districts enjoyed greater access to the computers, so they also had an easier time verifying their … critical role of race, and thereby blinds us to the real lessons of history. Like Vice President Al Gore, Tilden …

… and dry places, like much of the American West, will become even more parched. John Wesley Powell is rolling over … War II, farmers on the plains dealt with the natural cycles of rain and drought by pumping water from the Ogallala … the agricultural equivalent of paying your mortgage with a credit card — the bank catches up with you eventually. In …

… they moved stealthily across demanding terrain on motorcycles and trucks in hit-and-run operations. Taliban scouts … the Taliban now confront the challenge of governing this complex country and establishing a stable government. Since … the United States as guests of UNOCAL corporation. They visited Texas, Nebraska, and Washington, D.C. A number of U.S. …

… the real crime was that France, under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle, abandoned the fight to keep Algeria French … That paper, simply entitled “Declarations Drawn up in Common Agreement,” was signed in a town on the French side … by disaffected colonial officers and militant pied-noir ultras who vowed to keep Algeria French at all costs. The …

… to have an abortion–by ignoring morality, tradition, and common sense. Those who seek to ban abortion frequently … is instead at the stage of being some sort of living, shapeless thing.” This distinction between “unformed” and … modern debate over abortion? First of all, it provides a necessary reminder that people have been disagreeing about …

… the reinstatement of political control via revolutionary committees supported by the military. The Cultural … into question (substituting “red” for “expert”), it discredited authority political and intellectual, and it … is but one officially designed Cultural Revolution historic site, a graveyard in the city of Chongqing where Red Guards …

… criticized Social Security but later backed away from his comments after his Republican opponents and the press jumped … President Lyndon Johnson—Perry may not be able to overcome his past attacks on Social Security no matter how hard … that Perry’s position on Social Security makes voters less likely to vote for him and less confident about his …

… it difficult to break free from the constraints of their communities, for many churches, political parties and laws … And it educated others to follow in those steps. It should come as no surprise that its students accepted slavery. … that people were not created equal, that utilitarian principles taught that some should be slaves. There are some …

… Reservation leaders asked Big Foot, leader of the Minneconjou Teton Sioux, to come to Pine Ridge Reservation with his followers in hopes … 28, Big Foot's band made camp for the night about five miles east of Wounded Knee Creek. On the following morning the …

… anywhere, you need to control it everywhere, given the connectedness of all water. From a political perspective, this … more and more reliant on toxic substances, the shortcomings of this approach became increasingly apparent. The … of climate change—more and more phosphorus has been pouring into the Maumee and then Lake Erie from as far away …

… related to Persian. In the largely mountainous region that comprises their homeland, over the centuries Kurds practiced … had served the Ottomans well for centuries would become less accommodating, with consequences for the region’s … Kurdish tribal militia (called the Hamidiye) were connected to the larger movement to restore the Ottoman …

… relations between the United States and Iran have been complicated and edgy as long as anyone can remember. … and urged him privately to change course. Yet when Carter visited Tehran on New Year's Eve 1977, he felt obliged to … to military purposes, and $1.1 billion in agricultural credits. For their part, the Iranians resorted to human wave …

… Sweden, larger than the three Baltic republics (PDF File) combined, and larger than Austria. It would be the 11 th … of it. The Belarusian dictator has revitalized the memorial sites and has dedicated other memory sites, including a new … interrogated on August 26, 2020.” Another Tsesler image connects the Lukashenko regime with the Stalinist: in it, the …

… jeopardize the process of integration. He was, by nature, a combative individual, so he had to struggle to restrain … behavior of its multimillionaire stars. They could use a lesson from Robinson. Unlike the great Dodger infielder, who … five workers on his Venezuelan estate with a machete and poured gasoline on them in an attempt to set them on fire. …

… heavily on Soviet support for arms and many Arab nations welcomed Soviet aid. Nixon and National Security Adviser Henry … made it clear to the Nixon administration that aid was necessary.  Nixon authorized Operation Nickel Grass to … percent. Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister, Omar Saqqaf, visited America and warned the Nixon administration that an …

… Sankara led a coalition of radical military officers, communist activists, labor leaders, and militant students to … Dr. Nicholas Breyfogle   Hello, and Welcome to Politics, Cinema, and Liberation in Burkina Faso, … of the Shawnee, Potawatomi, Delaware, Miami, Peoria, Seneca, Wyandotte, Ojibwe, and Cherokee peoples. Specifically, …

… call the Anthony Amendment, and what would eventually become the 19th Amendment. But not for a long time. California … next time on  Prologued . ( music ) Sarah Paxton ( Credits) This season of Prologued was brought to you by  … Oranjudio. Song and band information can be found on our website, and we encourage our listeners to visit episode …