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This 1878 engraving shows the chaos at the scene of the Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre

… soldiers and townspeople and by early 1770, fights had become commonplace. The death of a young man, Christopher … night could have started a war. The headstone at the burial site of the victims of the Boston Massacre. Although the … grenadiers stood trial in Boston, adeptly defended by the future president John Adams. Only two of the soldiers were …
Storming the Bastille

Storming the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

… as the Bastille. Simon-Nicolas-Henri Linguet, Mémoires sur la Bastille (1783) . Frontispiece. The palace of the … by historians, depicted by artists and celebrated by common people. In 1880, the French chose to make the … have in their possession in order to help document the future trial of royal despotism. The citizens of Paris …
a Galapagos sea turtle swimming in the ocean

What’s “Natural” on the Galapagos Islands?

The youngest, westernmost islands are still volcanically active and are thought to be no more than 700,000 thousand years old.
… old. When the tops of the volcanos first broke through the surface of the Pacific Ocean, 600 kilometers off the coast … devoid of animal or plant life. This initial isolation, combined with its location at the confluence of three … human-directed artificial selection may now determine their future. [All photos by author and Leonardo Carrizo.] David …
Immunization poster from the early 1940s that says, " Immunization: Saves Lives," and shows a child receiving a vaccination.

Voluntary Vaccination: Deciding the Risk of Unknowable Danger

… the 1700s, European smallpox epidemics seem to have been comparatively mild, with minimal death rates. But thereafter … We now estimate that epidemics among the native peoples of North and South America killed about 90 percent of … sterility, miscarriage and blindness. More than half of the survivors had permanent scars. To the millions of people it …

A New View of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: From Needs and Narratives to Negotiation

… Political administrations have changed and negotiators have come and gone but the conflict between Israelis and … liberations, 4) golden ages, 5) current sad decline and 6) future rebirth. Problems arise when two such myths conflict … national myths of each community, such diametrically opposite attitudes toward the founding of Israel were …
Portrait of Francisco Franco in 1964 from Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa

The Death of Franco

… prisoners, the Valley of the Fallen is a mass burial site that was designed to commemorate the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as a … monarchy with a parliamentary system based on the principles of representative democracy. Once hailed as a model, the … Milestones …
Black women marching with signs supporting integration

Race in the Classroom: Teaching Civil Rights

… Leticia Wiggins   This is your host Leticia Wiggins and welcome to History Talk , the history podcast for everyone … Dr. Stephanie Shaw and Hasan Jeffries.   Dr. Kevin Boyle   Sure, my name is Dr. Kevin Boyle, and I teach 20th century … Wiggins. Song and band information can be found on our website. You can find our podcasts and more at our website
Cover of Trotsky A Biography by Robert Service.

Trotsky: A Biography

Review of Trotsky: A Biography, by Robert Service (Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009)
… speculative thinking with his new biography on Trotsky. Coming after his previous biographies on Lenin and Stalin, … voluminous political writings, but rather on the often surprisingly mundane aspects of his personal life. Believing … the years 1879-1913 in rich detail. Service expertly chronicles the path of Leiba Bronstein (Trotsky's given name) from …

Dispatches from the Armenian Revolution

… tri-color Armenian flag and filled with hope for a better future, the crowd roared with enthusiasm when the … role in the mobilization of the population. Indeed,  some commentators noted  that it had more in common with … the pitfalls and violence of Ukraine and Georgia.  To be sure, these were choices realistic for a small country …
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris's 1912 illustration, The First Thanksgiving, 1621

Now, About that First Thanksgiving Dinner…

… pageants. It’s a charming story, but it’s a myth. To be sure, it’s a powerful one — one that will be repeated many … are uncertain. The only documentary evidence of the event comes from the journal of Plymouth Colony’s governor, Edward … for a feast that lasted four days. No one worried about cholesterol or obesity in 1621! Though they don’t have much …
Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon walking on White House grounds.

Don’t Believe “Peace Is at Hand”

… on tape, "South Vietnam probably is never gonna survive anyway." Since Nixon couldn't enable South Vietnam … it. Halfway through his first term, he secretly decided to complete American troop withdrawals around election time. … for the president and his party, continuing the war posed less risk politically than ending it. We can't know Bush's …

Russia, America, and the Conspiratorial Worldview

… holding an infantalized Donald Trump. This worldview, not surprisingly, has deep historical roots. The conspiracy … War I and after the 1917 Revolution and to signal their commitment to the new Bolshevik cause.   Mikhail, the elder … people wanted it to be that way, that we should be the opposite of the West. It just happened that way. I should say …
President Edelmiro Farrell (left) and the Vice President and Colonel Juan Perón, in April 1945.

Argentina’s Day of Loyalty and the Birth of Peronism

… for nothing less than a total redefinition of the social compact. Peronism permeated and penetrated all aspects of … rituals, and the annual celebration marking 17 October, the future Day of Loyalty, would be its centerpiece. The events … books until Perón’s overthrow in September 1955; it would surface again during Perón’s short-lived presidency from …
From left to right, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, and Vice President Dick B. Cheney having a working lunch in 2007.

Foreign Policy Doesn’t Need a Mandate

… executive. History suggests that even a president primarily committed to enacting a domestic agenda can achieve … policy successes. For example, Woodrow Wilson, who won less than 42 percent of the popular vote in 1912, took over … not a serious student of international affairs, Bush has surrounded himself with experienced hands. His primary …
typewriter

Between Black and White

The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations
… The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Between Black and White: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Betw-een Black and -white: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations Despite the … In the absence of the psychological and political prerequisites, organizing an Afro-Brazilian mass movement may prove …

A Sea of Troubles: The Philippines and Pacific Geopolitics

… Sea.” About a year later, President Barack Obama visited Manila to mark the signing of a new Enhanced Defense … While not explicitly backing Manila, Obama stressed his commitment to preserving stability in  the South China Sea . … as the key to wealth, prestige, and regional stability. The future of the Philippines will be tied closely to …
Crowd photo of protests in Hong Kong

Hong Kong and China: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

… Kong. The demonstrators' demands have also expanded to encompass an investigation into police brutality, the … government, and Beijing? How did Hong Kong’s autonomy come about in the first place, and how might it be at risk? … article, Hong Kong in Protest, by Melvin Barnes Jr. Be sure to check our other coverage of the region: Remembering …
A Memorial to the "Forgotten War" of Korea with the insignias of the United States Uniformed Services ringed around it.

Forgotten War, Tragic Peace

… a battle fought here at home. The advocates of containing communism clearly defeated those led by General Douglas MacArthur who demanded unconditional surrender, even if securing it meant using nuclear weapons. … did in 1953. For all practical purposes, though, the lesson of the Korea armistice still prevails. We must share …
Kagan, Obama, and Roberts before her investiture ceremony, October 1, 2010.

How Empathy Makes Superior Judges – and Justice

… to the Supreme Court.   T.R. recognized that those who become judges invariably have had close association with … T.R. and Obama understood that empathy is often a prerequisite for impartiality.   Justice Holmes’s great colleague, … that is really designed to help achieve it.   To their credit, Theodore Roosevelt and Obama recognized that a judge …
Richard and Mildred Loving in June, 1967.

At the Movies: "The Loving Cup"

… Loving v. Virginia , the most pertinent film is Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? (1968), which features a stirring defense … in which lovers look at each other, rather than in opposite directions. Ruth Negga and Joel Edgerton as Mildred and … on the couch laughing at the TV. As Nichols’ film ends, the credits reveal the actual photograph of the Lovings on the …
Drawing/wood engraving of the state capitol of Illinois at Springfield.

Can Illinois Again Lead by (Bad) Example?

… John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and Charles Sumner, to the Senate. Occasionally quests for Senate … the honor. By the 19th century’s end, the U.S. Senate had become widely known, as it still is today, as a “millionaires … embarrassed the Senate, the Lorimer scandal increased pressure to reform the process for selecting Senate members. …
The National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

With God on Our Side

… God is on our side, President Bush assures us. Speaking at the National Cathedral on September … he proclaimed that “our nation is chosen by God and commissioned by history to be a model to the world.” This … Bush, who believes America to be ordained by God and who credits God with the fact he is in the White House, has …
A photograph of Viola Desmond

Remembering Viola Desmond

… that day, Desmond became the target of a racist incident, a common event for Blacks in Canada. Her decision to challenge … following an open call for nominations and a public opinion survey on the Bank of Canada website is indicative of a willingness to acknowledge a small …