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100 and 10 US dollars banknotes.

Inflation — Fighting the Last War

… You know the old cliché about generals going into battle:  They are … to higher interest rates [and] serious inflation.”   There was nothing particularly remarkable about that statement. … began to rise.  Yet inflation remained remarkably low.  When Clinton left office, the nation had a 3.9 percent …
University of Notre Dame's administration building.

The Catholic Voter in the Twentieth Century

… What does it mean to be a Catholic voter in the United States?   During this election year, some … such a bloc against Franklin Roosevelt. The issue at hand was Roosevelt's friendly approach to Mexico within the … anti-Catholic. This recalls the 1936 presidential campaign, when leading Catholic clergymen encouraged priests to use …
A vision for the future of the US Space Command for 2020: a space-based high-energy laser destroys a terrestrial target.

Rumsfeld May Spark Space Weapons Debate

… Throughout the 20th century, in times of peace, U.S. military … that many believed would last forever. Hence their shock when they discovered in World War I the horrors of tanks, … of “the munitions makers” of World War I, there was little public notice, let alone public discussion, of …
One of Havana's plazas without a church.

A Postcard From Havana, Cuba

… As our ship approached the Havana shoreline, I rushed to the outside deck to get my … about communist revolutions throughout the hemisphere. It wasn’t always so. After gaining independence in 1898, Cuba … of the new regime, the U.S.’s impression of Castro hardened when he took steps to nationalize U.S. corporations in Cuba, …
Dolley Madison, 1804, by Gilbert Stuart.

Women’s History and a Woman’s Subtle Power

… On the heels of Black History Month, Women’s History Month … aside a whole month to honor women seems harder to explain. When pressed, most Americans would assume that Women’s … Madison, first revealed the power of a first lady. She was the first wife of a president to command the unofficial …
a woman at a witch trial. she is wearing white and has her arms up in air with lightening bolts coming out of them. A judge, lawyer and an audience of people look on.

What was Wrong with the Judges at the Salem Witch Trials?

… While most of the books written about the Salem witch trials concern those … convicted in Salem were executed. Anyone who confessed was, paradoxically, kept alive, while those convicted who … been allowed to continue. In addition, Elizabeth Procter was spared because she was pregnant and the court wished to …
Sailors in formation at the Center for Information Warfare Training, Naval Air Station Pensacola Corry Station, 2019.

Will Women Join the Ranks of Esteemed Veterans?

… Iraq — and no one seems to care. Why do I say that? Because the outcry that many expected over the combat deaths of … dramatic rescue from the Iraqi doctors who cared for her was staged and filmed by the U.S. armed forces. And Lynndie … they are either masculinized or sexually out-of-control when they join the armed forces. As Kayla Williams wrote in …
WE.177A was an air-launched boosted fission weapon deployed by the UK

The Two Sides of the Nuclear Coin

… he and his fellow Republicans deserve much of the blame for their increase. Ever since the advent of the … provided the key to halting nuclear proliferation. In 1965, when the U.S. and Soviet governments worried about the … foreign minister, argued that a nonproliferation treaty was justified “only if the nuclear states regard it as a …
Flag of the Republic of Venezuela (1930-2006)

An End to Interventionism in Venezuela

… With the Dec. 3 presidential election in oil-rich Venezuela, the … has stirred up resentment left over from April 2002 when Chavez was briefly overthrown in a coup. Prior to the coup, U.S. …

Pandemics: Today and Yesterday

The emergence of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) … Koch identified the first disease-causing bacteria in 1882 when he reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis was responsible for causing tuberculosis. Two years later, …

The Kids Aren’t Alright: The Policymaking of Student Loan Policy

… tuition, three years of out-of-state graduate education was expensive, and student loans were his only option to fund it. The bill came to about $40,000. His status update elicited … point to the cost saving measures of the FDLP, especially when compared to the money funneled to private banks through …
In 2011, thousands of ultra-nationalist demonstrators took to the streets of Moscow, armed with tsarist insignia and shouting the anti-immigrant chant "Let's give Russia back to the Russians!"

Russia’s Lost Empire

Review of Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation, From 1470 to the Present, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2017)
… Does the Russian nation consist solely of ethnic Russians living … claims. Antiquarians argued that the Russian Empire was the successor of Kievan Rus, and thus that its western … education from the 1860s through to the 1905 Revolution. When the Bolsheviks came to power in 1917, they shifted …
The port of İzmir, pictured here in 1883, was an Ottoman quarantine station.

Pandemics in Ottoman History: Plague, Cholera, and Influenza

… For over 600 years, the Ottoman Empire stood as one of the most resilient empires in world history. Its longevity was largely a function of its pragmatic approach to … the Ottomans well as they entered the nineteenth century, when they faced, during the first half of the century, …
Sputnik

Soviets Launch Sputnik, 1957

… sky, its glow waxing and waning. The world in those days was far less polluted by background light than it is today: … disdainful stance: he quipped that American satellites (when they appeared) would be used for legitimate research … by the Soviet state, which was intent on depicting Marxism-Leninism as leading the vanguard of a new era of …
The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Critique of NATO’s Expansion

… On July 8, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, former East European … although militarily more powerful than the U.S.S.R., was more devoted to winning World War II than to looking at … club constituted London, Moscow and New York, but by 1985, when Gorbachev came to power, relations had changed. The
President Ronald Reagan during an interview in 1988.

Marking a Tragic Anniversary

… Twenty years ago this week, the skies were eerily silent over American airports. On … exercised this option before 1981. Flagrant union busting was widely viewed as unethical and un-American. Reagan … failed. The smashing of the PATCO strike marked the moment when workers lost the ability to wield their most potent …
Cover of Famine: A Short History by Cormac Ó Gráda.

Famine: A Short History

Review of Famine: A Short History, by Cormac O Grada (Princeton University Press, 2009)
… For hundreds of years, would-be prophets have warned of that the human population would grow beyond our capacity to feed … famine in the 1970s unless the rise in human population was somehow reversed. In Famine: A Short History , Cormac Ó … to sell themselves or family members into slavery just when slaveowners are trying to get rid of hungry slaves, and …
Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea attend a working lunch in Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea on October 7, 2018.

Kim Jong-un and the “Madman Theory” of Diplomacy

… an obvious question, given Kim’s recent threats to attack the United States and South Korea with nuclear weapons — and … on the Korean peninsula. Nixon learned this first hand when he visited South Korea in 1953 as vice president. An … with South Korean President Syngman Rhee, who at the time was threatening to break the armistice President Dwight …
John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club.

Conservation — An American, and Republican, Tradition

When Vice President Dick Cheney, speaking to reporters last … a major American tradition initiated by Republicans.  Since the beginning of the 20th century, the conservation of … environmental conduct. Conservationists abhorred the wanton waste and exploitation of nature and challenged the
India and Pakistan highlighted on a map.

“Open Skies” for India and Pakistan?

There’s encouraging news about ending the decades-old … in the region of Kashmir, which both claim. In 2002, when hundreds of thousands of Indian and Pakistani troops … their respective borders, war seemed imminent. South Asia was on the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. The crisis …
U.S. soldiers in Iraq in 2007.

Nation-Building Demands Heavy Lifting

… During the 2000 presidential campaign, George W. Bush disavowed the … U.S. special envoy to Afghanistan, notes that risk goes up when the number of troops goes down. That is, the likelihood … have likewise suffered no combat fatalities. But when the Bush administration’s own Army chief of staff said …