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… they have souls? Could Europeans lawfully take their lands since they were not Christians? European intellectuals fell … ), the notorious document that the Spanish read to the uncomprehending Indians before seizing their land. These … and the gradual Spanish subjugation of the islands (not completed until 1496) prepared Europeans for their encounter …

… Dr. Nicholas Breyfogle   Hello, and welcome to The Global War on Drugs brought to you by the … are 50 years old. President Nixon had created a national commission to study marijuana and he even chose the nine of … was afoot. State-run cannabis eradication campaigns, increasingly, we're employing herbicides such as Roundup, here in …

… December 25, 1848, brought an unwelcome gift to the Queen City. That Christmas Day, a dying man … global pandemic reflected new routes of transportation, commerce, and migration that allowed the disease to move … West,” but also nicknamed “Porkopolis” after its meat processing industry. By the mid-19 th century, Cincinnati …

… conventions are mostly infomercials. The nominee has long since been determined by state primaries and caucuses, and … on how you score the Democrats in 1860) at which the outcome wasn’t clear at the outset. Anti-Masons 1831 William … belligerence : a maximalist policy on Texas annexation, combined with a maximalist policy on expansion into the …

… of China’s greatest imperial dynasty was, like Mao, a commoner. As with many dynastic founders, it is difficult to … born a peasant. Thus few details about his life before becoming emperor exist. Whereas his great rival for the … province is a watery coastal region, famed for its canals since ancient times. This photograph shows the historic town …

… forcing politicians to make hard choices and progressive commitments. Democratic candidates have recently been … more intransigent than legal desegregation: unemployment, income inequality, poverty, voter disaffection, and racial apartheid in housing and education. King’s “shattered dreams” remain our …

… many eating lunch or napping, were crushed by collapsing earthen walls and rolling detritus. Others drowned. … structures made from this earthen material were common throughout the Andes, and they were generally … But they had to be constantly monitored and maintained by communal work parties. More importantly, “champería” dams …

… that had looked a permanent fixture on the map of Europe disintegrated, often with little resistance. And the Berlin … Talk , hosts Patrick Potyondy and Leticia Wiggins welcome historians  Nicholas Breyfogle and  Theodora … Leticia Wiggins   This is your host Leticia Wiggins and welcome to History Talk , smart conversations about today's …

… out in parts of South America in 1991-1994 and in Yemen since 2016. As of 2019, according to the World Health … the poor’s living conditions. In Great Britain, Poor Law Commissioner Edwin Chadwick, from the miasma school, began … sewer design for stopping the spread. One point had become especially clear: sanitation was key to creating a …

… Just how has American society mobilized for a sense of common purpose in the past? And why have we seemed to lose that sense of common purpose today in the midst of the coronavirus … conflict. Wallace Robinson, 1915. German submarines were sinking American ships, or British ships (like the …

… DDT were among the most important. But without the will and commitment on the part of governments, health care … “largest mass action the world has ever known against one single disease.” In 1953, the doctor who carried out the … By making formerly sick people well they could then become productive citizens. They would learn the benefits of …

… had yet to spread to many parts of the world, and 24-hour businesses were virtually unheard of. Much of the world … of a satellite” to the world. Pravda put a distinctively communist spin on the news, arguing that “artificial … appeared) would be used for legitimate research and not for competition in what he called “an outer-space basketball …

… international race for the arctic . He tells us about the complex and perhaps explosive historical dimensions of … Jeffrey Dunifon. Thanks for being on the show, Nick and welcome.   Dr. Nicholas Breyfogle   Thank you so much, Patrick. … they were trying to prove that you could in fact, in a single season, take a boat all the way through the northern …

… the violence had already begun. But the worst was yet to come. Saturday’s rally was scheduled to start at noon, but … have spent their careers demonstrating that  Confederate commemoration  tells us precious little about the Civil War … their cigarettes ( left ) [W. Duke, Sons & Co. Advertising Materials, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript …

… to which men will go to take it away from them, and to the complicated politics of one’s immortal soul. Director Josie … of Mary. Elizabeth seems obsessed with her own vanity as compared to Mary but comes to learn that beauty does not … her as political pawns in her marriage game. Elizabeth’s singleness and her childlessness are portrayed as central to …

… rights in America.   Few today would think of using the Bible to defend the divine authority of kings or to … and equality. For them, slavery and Christianity were incompatible. These contrasting approaches parallel the … Some of the strongest resistance to gay marriage has come from African American ministers who quote scripture as …

… of the German Army moved out of their encampments and into combat. It was the beginning of a war over the future of … were among those who protested most loudly. No surprise since the Russian act of aggression came just before the 75 … extent of the death, destruction and disorganization this combined fire caused in three short hours was incredible. By …

… popular throughout the First French Empire, 1804-1814, causing the high waistline under the bust to be referred to as … of widespread fashion magazines, which allowed styles to be communicated quickly to the masses. For example, Godey’s … cut to fit the curve of the female body, dresses had become rectangles of fabric reflecting the flattened planes of …

… that has defined the U.S.’s approach to immigration since the late 19th century. Migration is a natural process … they simply never made enough to do so. “Many Chinamen have come; few have returned. Why is this?” representatives of … of Chinese abroad after the Tiananmen Square protest and fallout in 1989. A New Attitude Toward Immigration Thus, …

… conscience, often went through many ballots before choosing a nominee. They thrashed out other important issues as … of money and momentum. This year, conventions were almost completely removed from the selection of a nominee. For all … have looked for vice-presidential candidates who would complement their campaign’s main themes. In 1992, Al Gore, …

… have once again set off the great debate over vaccination. Since 2014, more than 22,000 cases of measles have appeared … child as a man stands outside with a cow (from the Wellcome Trust). The term vaccination comes from variolae vaccinae , or “smallpox of the cow,” …

… political awareness among Mexican-Americans and increasing civil rights activism, she says, Peiss argues that the … songwriters and animators utilized the suit to make commentary on American life during a time of war. Chapter … and Harlem. Understanding how a style which had once communicated a variety of meanings became tied to racial …

… the other, the perfect embodiment of the nation’s original sin. Why has this college town’s proposal to topple a metal … that of Nero’s by Vitellius. Damnatio memoriae was most common after regime change. Note however, that the names of … Iconoclasm was outlawed. The restoration of icons is commemorated today as the “Feast of Orthodoxy.” 3. A Papal …

… I say that? Because the outcry that many expected over the combat deaths of American women in Iraq has not taken place. … up to the Civil War saw military service as the ultimate outcome of the women’s rights movement — and as the ultimate … assault weapons continue to be hot sellers, as they have since the 1980s. In recent weeks, a Virginia candidate for …