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Portrait of Martin Luther

Martin Luther and the Reformation

… the course of Christianity and western civilization. Commemorative Playmobil figure of Martin Luther. But to stop … developed church teaching that faithful Christians could buy an indulgence from the church that would shorten the … stability rather than endless civil war had to find a way to institutionalize some level of religious …
Depiction of the Battle of Bosworth Field by the eighteenth-century painter, Philip James de Loutherbourg.

The Battle of Bosworth Field

… out the now immortal line: “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Unfortunately, not much is documented about … site of Richard’s death at  Fenn Lane Farm , about 2 miles away.  Yet an even more intense debate has raged over the … took the throne in 1483, Richard believed that it was the best course of action for England.  Likewise, when Henry …

WikiLeaks, and the Past and Present of American Foreign Relations

… Arabic, European, and Persian architectural styles, the complex embodied purposefully Egypt's place at the … Office. It is likely that few of his cables even made their way to the seventh floor of the U.S. State Department, where … Little was known of the man beyond the fact that he had visited a website associated with radical Islam—but his name …
illustration of Prince George IV

Unspoken Anxiety or Vivid Metaphor?

Review of Itch, Clap, Pox: Venereal Disease in the Eighteenth-Century Imagination, by Noelle Gallagher (New Haven: Yale, 2019)
… (syphilis), artists explored social phenomena including commercialization, globalization, gender, race, and class. … chapters: “Officers and Gentlemen,” “Pox and Prostitution,” Foreigners,” and “A Chapter of Noses.” Each of these … Prostitution,” Gallagher turns to the female body and the way it prompted pejorative images of venereal disease in …
Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War, by Harry S. Stout Book cover.

Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War

Review of Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War, by Harry S. Stout (New York: Viking, 2006)
… 24,000 casualties, yet religious leaders only became more committed to their crusades and more strident in their … moral document. As the country suffered, Lincoln paved the way for reunification by reshaping his civil religion. In … contemporaries that America was "the world's last best hope" (458). For Stout, this hope does not lie …
 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… The war between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary militia Rapid Support … because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, … had only four schools, no maternity clinic, and no railways or major roads outside the largest towns. And Darfur …
Radio World's Fair in 1926.

“Black Tuesday” After 70 Years

… the words “The End” on a popular, long-running American comedy named “The Roaring Twenties: The New Era of Eternal … In his inaugural address less than twenty months before, Herbert Hoover had proclaimed that the final victory … sun will shine forever.”  The trouble was that mass buying required that purchasing be widely diffused among the …
American soldiers salute while in formation in 1977.

Time to Ask and Tell!

… answered the call of your country and served in its Armed Forces,” Pres. Truman wrote to Lt. Robert Ricks in 1945, “I … because of stereotypes of effeminacy. Military men caught committing sodomy faced courts-martial. During World War II, … counseled young, straight men to become “hoaxosexuals” as a way of avoiding service. Ironically, one group of young men …
Riot police officers in Kyiv, December 2013

A Postcard from Kyiv: A Year of Reckoning for Ukraine

… in Kyiv,  December 2013 The year 2014 will no doubt become a caesura, a line dividing Ukraine’s history into … the annexation of  Crimea  by  Russia . Maybe it is for the best that we got rid of that region, like dropping ballast, but the way we lost the peninsula will be a trauma for an entire …
Egyptian Prime Minister Anwar Sadat, U.S. President Jimmy Carter, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signing the Camp David Peace Accords on September 17, 1978.

Can Sharon Too Become a Peacemaker?

… theme the denunciation of Democrats as being soft on communism, opened up relations with the People’s Republic of … Eisenhower opened negotiations with the Soviets in a way that Adlai Stevenson, had he been elected in 1956, never … 1970 and think about predicting that Richard Nixon would be visiting China and Russia, tripling trade with both nations, …
An artistic rendering of the observable universe by Pablo Carlos Budassi. It depicts the Solar System at the center, surrounded by other celestial bodies and galaxies, and cosmic microwave radiation and plasma left over from the Big Bang at the outer edge.

Top Ten Origins: The Universe’s Greatest Hits

… 13.77 billion years ago, our entire observable universe was compressed into the size of a peach and had a temperature of … of mysteries yet to be solved. Let’s explore some of the best moments in the history of the universe (from our human … to resemble: stars, galaxies, vast stretches of Midwest-highway boredom. It seemed as if the universe had put its …
Three Young White Men and a Black Woman (1632) by Christiaen van Couwenbergh.

A Question of Power, Not Sex

… who belong to New Birth Baptist Church near Atlanta. Some commentators have condemned Bishop Eddie Long’s virulently … anti-gay theology and political activism and have called for a black church that is more welcoming and inclusive of … forced to reproduce with enslaved women, and in many other ways, too, they had little control over their bodies and …

Treaties and Sovereign Performances, from Westphalia to Standing Rock

… to block pipeline construction declared that the right-of-way belonged to the Great Sioux Nation under the 1851 Treaty … like the American Fourth of July, a time to dress up, visit friends and relatives, socialize, and feast. … Indian nations to establish reservation governments and buy back their old lands. In 1946, Congress recognized the …

Savage Gladiators vs. Civilized Amateurs: Rome and Athens in American Sports Culture

… in his decision that “There are no Athenian virtues in this form of athletics. The NFL has substituted the morality of … he noted, “It’s just the nature of the game. I’ve always looked upon us as modern-day gladiators.” Athens on the … In fact, as surprising as it may be to sports watchers and commentators, how Americans talk about sports today is a …
Django Unchained movie poster

The Law of Slavery Lies at the Heart of the Movies “Lincoln” and “Django Unchained”

… in style, tone, and story, the two films are instructively complementary in reminding us of an uncomfortable truth … Cabin,” Tarantino focuses less on slave labor than on the buying and selling of slaves, including the haggling over … by amendment to the U.S. Constitution.   In their own ways, the two films cinematically affirm recent scholarship …

All Politics is Local: Understanding Boko Haram

… The consensus among many academics, journalists, and commentators is that Boko Haram is an Islamist organization … from Mali, North Africa, Egypt, and the Saharan oases visited the region of West and Central Africa known as … Nigerian newspaper Premium Times , the Kanuri people have always considered themselves “immune from Caliphate …
 Cover of Chivalry in Medieval England by Nigel Saul

Knighthood As It Was, Not As We Wish It Were

Review of Chivalry in Medieval England, by Nigel Saul (Harvard University Press, 416 pp, 2011, ISBN 978-0-674-06368-6)
… wished that things could just be like they used to be. A common sentiment, it is actually responsible for distorting the realities of our collective past because … of fact, the idealistic history we imagine is almost always entirely false and it is the job of historians to sift …
Moskvitch 3 vehicles roll off the assembly line at JSC Moscow Automobile Plant Moskvitch, 2022.

Sanctions on Russia: Impact and Efficacy

… damaging sanctions against the Russian state, its companies, and its citizens. The sanctions were intended to … site located in an unsettled location on the steppe, miles away from existing roads and rail lines, in just a few … as a state-of-the-art plant that rivaled the biggest and best that Europe and North America had to offer. While both …
Mexican flag in a square

A Postcard from Mexico City

… Sun stands at about 210 feet tall and was most likely used for religious practices, including human sacrifices. If anyone is up for the challenge, you are welcome to climb up the steps. However, you should consider the … the Aztecs, human sacrifice was perhaps the most profound way to appease the gods. In 1519, Hernán Cortés sacked …

Killing the Arctic

… We have always been killing the Arctic . By “we” I mean non-native … mineralogist and explorer Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld—best remembered for leading the first successful voyage … via the northern coasts of Scandinavia and Russia—paid a visit to the Greenland ice cap. During this journey, he …
President Richard Nixon in 1969.

The Broken Scandal-Reform Cycle

… Ever since Watergate, campaign finance reformers have come to expect great legislative victories in … Dole’s) 1996 campaign. Huge sums of money were collected in ways that violated the spirit, and often the letter, of the … History News Service … The Broken Scandal-Reform Cycle …
A traditional glass of Weissbier

Keeping Beer “Pure”: The 1516 Reinheitsgebot

… to “barley, hops, and water.” At the time, a growing taste for the pale and crisp styles of beer produced by adding … the price of beer per Maß (a Bavarian liter) and to limit competition for cereal grains used to bake bread. A … opened a brewery in Germany. Still, just a few blocks away from the site of Munich’s famous Oktoberfest beer …
Thomas Jefferson, founder of the University of Virginia, enslaved more than 600 people in his lifetime.

Ivy and Slavery

… reached the hearts of Americans. Many readers — it was the best-selling novel in history to that point — wanted to take … it difficult to break free from the constraints of their communities, for many churches, political parties and laws … of hope.” And it is the job of the universities to lead the way. Alfred L. Brophy is a professor of law at the …