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An MP looking north from South Korea in the Demilitarized Zone, 2008.

The War That Never Ended: The Legacy of the Korean War

… forces, however, the South Korean military repelled the Communist attack and eventually pushed them north of the … greatly assisted the fledgling KPA. Mao Zedong’s own son died during the conflict. Soviet leader  Joseph Stalin , … posture and shows no signs of retrenchment in the near future.  …
Government of National Unity in 2009. Left to right: Arthur Mutambara, Robert Mugabe, Morgan Tsvangirai, and Thabo Mbeki.

A Lesson for South Africa? Zimbabwe’s Path to Multi-Party Rule

… 1965 to official independence in 1980.   Political factors complicated matters. Since the early 1960s, the British … did not go it alone. He had fellow comrades including the future president, Robert Gabriel Mugabe, and Ndabaningi … Joshua Nkomo (ZAPU), Robert Mugabe (ZANU-PF), and Bishop Abel Muzorewa of the United African National Council …
Cygnet, Ohio, in Wood County was a booming oil town with 13 saloons and many workers when this photo was taken in 1885.

An Energy Plan for You!

… Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … seen whether George W. will allow his administration to be completely captured by his fossil fuel buddies. Eisenhower, in fact, ended up vetoing the deregulation …

Population Bomb? The Debate over Indian Population

… unrest that followed. To explain this food crisis to an audience in St. Louis in May 2008, then-President George W. … top of that came the failure of the rains and the peasants died en masse , so that entire villages were left … the early nineteenth century, when the British East India Company controlled an increasing swath of territory across …
Herbert Hoover

We Could Use a Man like Herbert Hoover Again

… Hurricane Katrina has underscored the importance of unified command and control in response to national disasters. … programs to better prepare state and local leaders for future crises. These programs should be run by the National … to the 1927 flood. If we are to deal effectively with future hurricanes, earthquakes, forest fires and mudslides, …
a Galapagos sea turtle swimming in the ocean

What’s “Natural” on the Galapagos Islands?

The youngest, westernmost islands are still volcanically active and are thought to be no more than 700,000 thousand years old.
… sexual arousal and copulation to rearing, socializing, and diet. For example, since tortoises’ sex is … human-directed artificial selection may now determine their future. [All photos by author and Leonardo Carrizo.] David … is a photographer and historian. He leads photography workshops to, among other places, the Galapagos. …
Gunslingers in the 19th century. This is the Ned Christie posse.

Gun Control and the Old West

… to bear arms, but the record puts them behind “moderate, common-sense measures” for gun control — the very kind … six-shooter loaded with deadly cartridges is a dangerous companion for any man, especially if he should unfortunately … Ross Collins is an associate professor in the Department of Communication, North Dakota State University, and a writer …
President Gerald Ford in 1975.

The Forgotten Virtues of Gerald Ford

… he appeared before a joint session of Congress and pledged “communication, conciliation, compromise, and cooperation” with legislators, adding, “I do … we can appreciate Ford’s refusal to let the presidency become an instrument of partisan knife-sharpening. He welcomed …
Cover of A Tale of Two Monasteries: Westminster and Saint-Denis in the Thirteenth Century by William Chester Jordan.

To Serve God and the King?

Review of A Tale of Two Monasteries: Westminster and Saint-Denis in the Thirteenth Century, by William Chester Jordan (Princeton University Press, 2009)
… and Saint-Denis were among the most organizationally complex and bureaucratically advanced entities operating below the level of the state in medieval Europe. As a consequence they have left historians … guide. Jordan has written widely on various subjects in medieval French history, and is perhaps the greatest living …
Florida Supreme Court during the 2000 presidential election recount.

Disputed Elections: An American Tradition

… to contested elections. When elections were questioned, common sense, rather than adherence to technicality, … and wrong initials of first names and last names were commonplace. Rather than throw out the ballots, as electoral … to electoral law. Thousands of other ballots with incomplete punches have not been counted because the …
President George W. Bush with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley in 2006.

Is Iraq Vietnam?

… South Vietnam’s governments also had serious problems. The Diem regime (1954-63) wanted to defeat or at least contain the Viet Cong but could not rally non-Communist South Vietnamese behind it, prompting the United … to happen. (Similarly, some Americans in 1963 thought that Diem could continue in office if he fired his brother Nhu – …

Dispatches from the Armenian Revolution

… tri-color Armenian flag and filled with hope for a better future, the crowd roared with enthusiasm when the … role in the mobilization of the population. Indeed,  some commentators noted  that it had more in common with … for corruption and the rise of oligarchs . Armenian soldiers in Karabakh in 1994 using Russian AK-74 assault …
Cartoon in Punch, 1906.

For Iraq, a Lesson from Africa

… own independence from tyranny. But before 9/11, astute commentators warned about grandiose calls for democracy to … the rule of law governs, and where with democracy will come responsibility for the political classes and the masses … opportunity, and one that the rest of the world should welcome. People who have their own property have a vested …
The Favorites of Emperor Honorius by John William Waterhouse depicts the emperor's court in the 5th century CE.

Financing Salvation in Late Antiquity

Review of The Ransom of the Soul: Afterlife and Wealth in Early Western Christianity, by Peter Brown (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015.)
… Western Christianity.  This, in my opinion, impedes his audience from considering the true centrality of the issues of … While a member of the College of Cardinals or the Archbishop of Canterbury might deliver sermons informed by their … of The Ransom of the Soul will provide inspiration to future scholars and father a new vein of historiography in …
The Beatles, upon their arrival at Kennedy International Airport in New York City on February 7,1964.

“I Want to Hold Your Hand”

… crowd relentlessly screamed at the sight of them.  Still to come were the increasingly more abstract and innovative compositions, the abrupt withdrawal from touring, the … smaller labels with lesser promotional capacity claimed the commercial rights to their earlier recordings. Then, in the …

The International History of the U.S. Suffrage Movement

… Ida B. Wells-Barnett with her four children in 1909. The complex international connections and strategies that … for women’s rights before a mixed-race and mixed-sex audience—embraced a diasporic vision of freedom when she asked … to the 1848 abolition of slavery in the French West Indies, opposition to the U.S. war with Mexico, and Native …
Depiction of Isaac Newton

A “God Particle” for Isaac Newton’s Birthday

… he stood on the shoulders of giants, so perhaps he’d welcome the gift.   Newton is famous for Principia Mathematica … here . Or, to tailor your explanations to various audiences, try this hilarious guide from The Guardian . Most … on God’s place in his natural philosophy, in order to refute those who had accused him of disbelief by omitting God …
View of Tbilisi as seen from Narikala, the city's medieval citadel.

A Postcard from Georgia and Azerbaijan

… cultures, and belief systems. In the Late Antique and medieval eras, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and … was crucified. Elias bought Jesus’ robe from a Roman soldier at Golgotha and brought it back to Mtskheta. As he … only after St. Nino spent an entire night praying for it to come back. From its bark, once it was grounded, flowed holy …
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.

Nationalism in Decline

… concerns. Whether subduing Iraq and Afghanistan, combating sex trafficking, restricting nuclear weaponry or … the United Nations, the grandest of all supranational bodies. A contested child custody case in Chile will be … or raising the bar on human rights, supranational bodies loom large in the domestic affairs of the world’s …

The Hajj and Europe

… safety, and how much states should subsidize the ritual—is complicated. In many countries, demand for hajj visas … Ukraine , Russia offered Crimean Tatars generous hajj subsidies ($1000 per person, about a third of the cost of an … and holy tombs around the city to make space for new shopping malls and luxury hotels. And today’s hajj crowds …
Hubert Robert's 1785 painting "Fire in Rome," showing the events of 64 CE.

The Ancient Roman Origins of Government Disaster Response

… In the face of disasters we have come to expect that our governments will respond. … erected statues of him. Tiberius then struck and circulated coins celebrating his rebuilding efforts, the ancient … for the first time in the history of the city to prevent future fires. Buildings had to be built with ground floors …
A glass negative of Warren G. Harding.

Sex Scandals and U.S. History

… George Santayana made one of the world’s best known comments about history when he said that those who learn … triumvirate of 1920s conservative Republican presidents, died in 1923 amid bribery and corruption scandals that were …
An abandoned building in Chernobyl

A Postcard from Chernobyl

… cloud was detected over Sweden did the full extent become known to the authorities in the Soviet Union’s capital … for “nature”: humans or radioactivity? Some scientific studies indicate an abundance of wild life, especially large … zone. Debate rages about the total deaths, and likely future deaths, that can be attributed to the disaster. …