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French soldiers overrun Chinese troops during the 1860 campaign in the Second Opium War.

The Second Opium War

… of Qing laws prohibiting the drug. After one Chinese trade commissioner captured and publicly destroyed British opium … ship seized by China on suspicion of piracy—reducing its complex causes to only its precipitating event. … events entirely. In the 1950s, for example, observers of communist China described Chairman Mao Zedong ’s campaign to …
Cover of Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants: A Maritime History of the Early Modern Mediterranean by Molly Greene.

Pirates, Pirates Everywhere but Not Enough of Them in This Book

Review of Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants, by Molly Greene (Princeton University Press 2010)
… Pirates seem to have suddenly become popular in early modern history. Recently,  titles such … we even have the Islamic Ottoman Imperial government complaining to various Christian governments about their … European politics. During the sixteenth century, the medieval crusading ideal was still alive and well as policy …
Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 1562 painting "The Triumph of Death" depicts the turmoil Europe experienced as a result of the plague.

The Black Death and its Aftermath

… came into Mediterranean ports by ship. But, it is also becoming clear that small pools of plague had been established … rural and urban: the daughter of King Edward III of England died of the plague in the summer of 1348. But quickly—at … survived the plague, her children tended to survive; if she died, they died with her. In the late 1340s, news of the …
Black Panther

Searching for Wakanda: The African Roots of the Black Panther Story

… was elaborated in the next issue (#53, August 1966). Marvel Comics’ dynamic duo Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created the … , who has penned the storylines for the Black Panther comic since 2016, has also pointed to Ethiopia , a country … ). But to locate Lee and Kirby’s original idea in 1966, the comics provide better clues. T’challa explains his own …
Hitler with politicians

The Nazis Take Poland and the Start of World War II

… of the German Army moved out of their encampments and into combat. It was the beginning of a war over the future of … World War, wrote “In 1914 the war began with enthusiasm. Soldiers were mobbed and garlanded with flowers. They left for … in the streets to observe the troops march past.” German soldiers consistently tore down Polish government insignias to …
Cover of The City's End: Two Centuries of Fantasies, Fears, and Premonitions of New York’s Destruction by Max Page.

The City's End: Two Centuries of Fantasies, Fears, and Premonitions of New York's Destruction

Review of The City's End: Two Centuries of Fantasies, Fears, and Premonitions of New York's Destruction, by Max Page (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008)
… of the text.  In examining roughly two hundred years of comic, filmic, propagandic, and literary portrayals of the … of weapons of mass destruction and man's inability to communicate result in the end of the city?  Invasion, U.S.A. … the survivors need to learn?  What messages are we, the audience, meant to take away?  While Page does delve into some …
Pope Francis smiling from inside a car as he leaves the White House in 2015.

Embracing the Pope–Selectively

… Protestants. Evangelical-Catholic relations have come a long way over the last generation, but for all their … affirming what these two branches of Christendom hold in common. And in the best-selling Christian novel, “Left … their warm feelings for the late pope to his stand against communism, his commitment to Christian orthodoxy and his …
FDR and Churchill at the Atlantic Conference in 1941.

A New Atlantic Charter?

… Charter helped to win World War II and, later, to defeat communism. But that unique alliance is in trouble now … in broad terms their joint humanitarian, strategic and commercial goals.  The agreement signaled an end to American … Monetary Fund.   Today, the United States and Britain compete economically and have different interests. In …
A sculpture of Jesus's crucifixion from the eighteenth century.

History Through a Faith-Based Lens

… in order to secure my doctorate. Only those who are truly committed to their religious faith can understand the pain … a lasting work of art and engender serious thought among audiences of diverse faith backgrounds.” Indeed, films, as … like filmmakers respect the intelligence of their audiences enough to know that their work is, indeed, an …

The Amazon Rainforest under Threat

… became the top trending hashtag on Twitter after the combination of smoke from Amazon forest fires, a weather … tribes had been destroyed, and the number of Nambikwara, studied by French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, had been … government recruited and relocated 55,000 “rubber soldiers” who also received payment from the U.S. government to …
2006 map of North Korea and South Korea.

Applying the Antarctic Solution to the Korean Nuclear Impasse

… prohibits all military activity? The unlikely source of common ground lies in the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. This … prize for the United States — and a preview of things to come. By the 1990s, aerial inspection would become a … Korean side are nearly 700,000 troops and 37,000 U.S. soldiers. North Korea also possesses a growing missile …

The Long, Long Struggle for Women's Rights in Afghanistan

… had very recently joined forces with the celebrated Tajik commander Ahmad Shah Massoud to establish the "Northern … nothing demonstrates the essentially "backward" or "medieval" nature of Afghan society more than its treatment of … and society—scantily clad western women flaunting their bodies and their open sexuality are seen as a foundational …
The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman Book Cover

The Jamestown Project

Review of The Jamestown Project, by Karen Ordahl Kupperman (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007)
… Historians have come to love the milestone anniversaries of significant … underway proposing settlements in Ireland, the West Indies, Guiana, Newfoundland, and New England. Jamestown was … well crafted narrative that should appeal to many audiences with tales of adventure, piracy, warfare, struggle, …

The Ukrainian Crisis: In Russia's Long Shadow

… of Ukraine: Russia cannot be an empire without Ukraine and coming to terms with Ukraine’s separate nationhood is a … Both Russians and Ukrainians look back to the mighty medieval empire of Kyivan Rus′, which accepted Christianity in … the first Orthodox monastery and graves of legendary medieval knights. For Russians after 1991, this foundational …
Photo of A. Mitchell Palmer, a congressman from Pennsylvania who later became the U.S. Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson.

Cracking Down on Dissent

… to keep close tabs on them. Spying on dissidents has become official policy since police departments were advised … I. Other “scares” followed. From 1938 to 1945 Rep. Martin Dies of Texas, no defender of civil liberties, chaired the House Un-American Activities Committee and pursued domestic “enemies.” With the onset of …
2013 St. Patrick's Day parade in Wappingers Falls, New York.

The Wearing of the Rainbow

… place in colonial New York City (by regiments of Irish soldiers in the British Army). But it was in the mid-19th … this ideal, but it's important to recognize how far we've come. It's in this sense that the St. Patrick's Day parade … experience in America. From the very beginning it has embodied the spirit of tolerance and inclusion that has helped …
a Galapagos sea turtle swimming in the ocean

What’s “Natural” on the Galapagos Islands?

The youngest, westernmost islands are still volcanically active and are thought to be no more than 700,000 thousand years old.
… devoid of animal or plant life. This initial isolation, combined with its location at the confluence of three … sexual arousal and copulation to rearing, socializing, and diet. For example, since tortoises’ sex is …

Hong Kong in Protest

… returned home but evaded murder charges because he committed the crime outside of Hong Kong’s jurisdiction. He … in 2012 waving Hong Kong’s colonial flag. Unrest has only become more intense and widespread over the summer, including … its window to the outside world. Cover of Worker-Peasant-Soldier Pictorial magazine in 1970, during the Great …
A protest for nuclear disarmament

We Cannot Afford to Neglect Nuclear Disarmament

… for new nuclear weaponry. The U.S. refusal to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to eliminate nuclear test … and the United States aren’t on the same page when it comes to dealing with Iran. Great danger also exists in …