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Between Black and White

The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations
… The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Between Black and White: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … racial prejudice that Brazil had produced. Ultimately, the most puzzling question facing the researchers was the lack … In the absence of the psychological and political prerequisites, organizing an Afro-Brazilian mass movement may prove …
First Cabinet of President Barack Obama in the White House East Room.

The Distant Horizon of a President

… cautious, thoughtful Obama was just plain weak, or worse: incompetent. Well, health care legislation has passed, the … homage to Obama in Washington during what was billed as the most significant meeting on the subject of nuclear weaponry … leader who, by luck, pluck and force of personality, seemed to find himself vindicated by history. If only history …
NASA marks Earth Day’s 50th anniversary.

“Give Earth a Chance”: Earth Day and the Politics of Modern Environmentalism

… emerged as a spokesperson for a diverse global movement to combat the climate crisis following a spate of … with the help of 350.org , a grassroots organization formed by writer and environmentalist Bill McKibben, an … New York Times singled out Mills’s speech as “perhaps the most anguished statement” of her graduating cohort. Her …
Zombie scene from the 1968 film, Night of the Living Dead.

Top Ten Origins: Zombies: The Undead Shuffle

… on brains. Undead and not quite living, where do zombies come from and why are they here? The story of our … the Bokor , or zombie master was the focus for most concern. The man who could magically conjure the zombie … stranger, rendered as an unstoppable monster that cannot be trusted (for example in the ongoing series, The Walking Dead …
"The Magnet Citizenship" March 1917 cartoon by Henry Mayer - Moving Picture Weekly (1915-1920)

U.S. Citizenship Is Based on Principles, Not Heritage

… prosperity.  That part of America which had encouraged them most had advanced most rapidly . . . ."  In the First … would contribute to the "wealth and strength of the community."    Similarly, John Laurance of New York declared … tolerance, and diversity that those principles imply can be trusted as the true source of American unity and …
President Ronald Reagan during an interview in 1988.

Marking a Tragic Anniversary

… by the walkout, President Ronald Reagan issued one of the most important statements of his presidency. He vowed to … legacy with which Americans will sooner or later have to come to terms: today we live in a society of greater … labor. When PATCO walked out twenty years ago, unions claimed just under a quarter of American wage earners as …
Ajax, The Dutch, The War: the Strange Tale of Soccer During Europe's Darkest Hour, by Simon Kuper Book cover.

Is It Only A Game?

Review of Ajax, The Dutch, The War: the Strange Tale of Soccer During Europe's Darkest Hour, by Simon Kuper (New York: Nation Books, 2012)
… opportunity to delve into a subject dear to my heart but completely outside of my own research. Much to my delight, … (98). Gripping as these chapters were, the ones I found most compelling were those that grappled with Holland's … and understanding of the war. Kuper writes that though most of the Dutch have made peace with the fact that they …
A military reservist, called to service in the wake of the disaster, involved in the decontamination process.

Chernobyl and the Cost of Lies

… over safety. The design suffered from several flaws, most critically with its emergency shutdown system. In … the explosion. A plant employee at work, mid-1980s. In any complex system, accidents are inevitable, but the Soviet … the crisis. Emily Watson’s Khomyuk, most notably, is a composite character meant to represent several of the scientists …
Photo of the World Trade Towers after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.

The End of a “Safe America”

… buildings and a section of the Pentagon, on Sept. 11. Commentators have noted that the terrorists picked their … with a keen eye for symbolism. They struck buildings that most represent U.S. economic and military power, the two … nation. It is time that we encouraged real international mediation in that crisis. Yes, we should remain a major …
Poster that says, "Resist," at a Yale University anti-draft rally in 1968.

The Political Costs of Filling the Ranks

… military stretched to unprecedented limits, one of the most pressing questions in the presidential campaign will be … a result, thousands of men openly defied draft laws and welcomed prosecution. And tens of thousands evaded the draft by … presidential candidates. All over the Internet — at the web sites for Bring Them Home Now, Military Families Speak Out, …
Crowd photo of protests in Hong Kong

Hong Kong and China: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

… Kong. The demonstrators' demands have also expanded to encompass an investigation into police brutality, the … government, and Beijing? How did Hong Kong’s autonomy come about in the first place, and how might it be at risk? … updated, as far as June 2019, actually show a spike. So almost 55% of respondents call themselves Hong Kongers. They …
Campaign poster attacking Cleveland's morals.

Morality and Presidential Elections

… version of the American way of life. The fact that Smith seemed "soft" on Prohibition — which was a moral cause more … Elections Stephen A. Allen is a doctoral candidate in the Medieval Institute at the University of Notre Dame and a writer for the History News Service. [The Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN …

Public Debt, Private Wealth: A History of Central Banks

… Older historical thinking, however, suggests the opposite: that nation states, just like kingdoms and empires, … remittance of funds without having to use banknotes or coins. Emergency wartime arrangements were also extended to … for the entire fiscal years of 2017 and 2018 respectively. Most alarmingly, the present budget deficit is well on its …
Two Nord Stream pipes are welded together on the Castoro Sei pipelaying vessel in preparation for laying them beneath the Baltic Sea, 2011.

The Environmental Threat of Russia’s Nord Stream 2 Pipeline

… superpower status. Its narrowing, unstable economy has become dependent on the export of a single commodity: energy. … double the existing pipeline's capacity. One of Gazprom’s most ambitious projects—the Nord Stream 2 pipeline—could … is reported to have drifted around 12 km from the accident site. In this animation, diesel oil is visible in the …
A Sherman tank enters Fort Santiago

The Battle for Manila

… on the island of Luzon, Spanish conquistadors colonized the site. Menaced by pirates and European competitors, the … the Japanese vented their rage on a populace they had never trusted. The Encirclement of Manila by U.S. forces. If … the Army’s official history : “That the artillery had almost razed the ancient Walled City could not be helped…. The …
King speaking to an anti-Vietnam war rally at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, April 27, 1967.

Which Martin Luther King to Honor?

… sides their full due, we will be honoring only a bloodless, comforting reflection of the whole troubling man.  Most Americans remember King the Southerner and heartily … social and military oppression is not the side of MLK most white Americans memorialize. Yet this side, too, is …
In the 2020 presidential election (held using 2010 census data) Joe Biden received 306 (●) and Donald Trump 232 (●) of the total 538 electoral votes. In Maine (upper-right) and Nebraska (center), the small circled numbers indicate congressional districts. These are the only two states to use a district method for some of their allocated electors, instead of a complete winner-takes-all.

Arguing the Electoral College: Pro

… passed Congress but failed to be ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the states. Why is that? The American … whose members can deliberately and calmly assess the outcome of an election and judge its impact upon the public … would be  inclined to concentrate their efforts in the most populous states and cities.  Voters in rural areas …
NCAA Basketball championship banners.

The Big Business of “Amateur” Intercollegiate Sports

… but the game itself made no money. Men’s college basketball commenced with a similarly obscure contest.  In 1895 at … I men’s basketball is the other big NCAA money-maker. Almost 125 years after the first game, NCAA revenue from the … directors and coaches who look like them.  Few women are entrusted to run D-I athletic departments, although almost
Marshall "Major" Taylor was a professional African American cyclist

(Bicycle) Wheels of Change

Review of The Cycling City: Bicycles and Urban America in the 1890s, by Evan Friss (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015)
… in cities across the nation at the end of one of America’s most innovative centuries. The first half of the book … cycling clubs were one type of group where cyclists could come together, but they were not merely for elites only. … – one of the many dangers to cyclists on city roads.  The most interesting riders were the wheelwomen, whom Friss …
Under Attlee's direction, the Labour Party's position on foreign affairs in the 1930s was somewhat inconsistent. A believer in the "collective security" represented by the League of Nations, Attlee opposed rearmament even as he pushed for firmer measures against Nazi aggression.

A Sheep in Sheep’s Clothing

Review of Clement Attlee: The Man Who Made Modern Britain, by John Bew (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017).
… – the Labour Party emerged from the 1945 election with a commanding majority in the House of Commons – Attlee … as deputy leader, Attlee became party leader in 1935 almost by default. As Bew notes, “at no stage had Attlee … to a once-skeptical British public that it could be trusted with power. It also profited from a general leftward …
Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver in 2007.

An Immigrant in the White House? But Will It Be Arnold?

… they should be careful what they wish for. In order to become president of the United States, the Constitution … a constitution granting such powers to a man everyone trusted not to abuse them. Devising the presidency with … of the current proposal. Today, as governor of the nation’s most populous state and as an internationally famous actor, …
Slobodan Milosevic, just after signing the Dayton Agreement

Lessons from the Holocaust Are Relevant to the Crisis in Kosovo

… terrain. When the war did not progress as planned, military commitments escalated. America’s credibility had to be … analogies to defend his actions, offering one of his most controversial references during the first days of the … Hitler’s aggression in the 1930s. Pundits properly slammed the President for this misguided reference to history. …
The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi painting by Theodoros Vryzakis.

An Historic Question: Over There or Over Here?

… Iraq, not to mention Israel. As President Bush poises our armed forces to take action against Iraq should that nation fail to comply with UN arms inspectors, one arresting question … World Wars. By 1945, the United States was the largest and most prosperous country in the Free World. Great Britain, …