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A map of northern Ireland

Ending the War in Northern Ireland

… is over. There will be celebrations, and peace will be welcomed by the ordinary people of Ulster. But as the great … poet William Butler Yeats once observed, sometimes “peace comes dropping slow.” History stands like a ghost at the … Ireland’s underground armies revolve around who has purest commitment to the cause, and Gerry Adams and Martin …
Cambodia's Prime Minister Hun Sen in 2012.

War Crimes: The “New Era” Looks Like the Old

… surface of this dispute is a fundamental clash between the competing claims of national sovereignty and universal human … Throughout the 1990s, the basic distinction between soldiers and civilians all but disappeared in places such as … from $114 million to $57 million. After the end of the bloodiest century in human history, the “international …
President James A. Garfield

The Assassination of President Garfield

… As the president made his way to the train, chatting companionably with Secretary of State James G. Blaine, a man … body for two and half months. Surrounded by his family, he died on September 19, 1881, plunging the entire nation into … ballot, Congressman and Senator-Elect Garfield emerged as a compromise candidate, ultimately winning the nomination on …
An abandoned building in Chernobyl

A Postcard from Chernobyl

… cloud was detected over Sweden did the full extent become known to the authorities in the Soviet Union’s capital … for “nature”: humans or radioactivity? Some scientific studies indicate an abundance of wild life, especially large … Jim Green, “Chernobyl - how many died?” The Ecologist , 26th April 2014 …
In this 1805 painting, the artist imagines American planter and Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins teaching Creeks to use a plow on his Georgia plantation.

Reflecting on Justice 200 Years after the Creek Civil War

… allows us to reflect on such important ideas as justice, communal violence, and political legitimacy. Like any civil … views among Creek people concerning the direction of their communities. But the civil war was also about justice. … 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend (and making McIntosh a brigadier general). But the victorious faction of Creeks soon …
Ukrainian refugees board a train in Lviv, February 2022.

West Ukraine’s War Stories: A New Chapter?

… this region has also been central to Ukraine’s complex journey to define itself. In the Soviet era and in … build a national movement with those they viewed as their compatriots living in imperial Russia , rich and often … of life in the rapidly changing Russian empire.  Even a common religious foundation eluded these groups, with …
Marlin Stutzman US senate campaign, 2016 (Support a Balanced Budget Amendment)

An Amendment Whose Time Has Never Come

… to popular enthusiasm for a simplistic solution to fiscal complexities, a responsible minority treated the … checkbook where failure to limit household spending to income courted disaster. This analogy ignored the reality that … The repeated defeats of balanced budget amendments should come as no surprise. The Framers deliberately made amendment …
David Ben-Gurion proclaiming Israel's independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl.

Zionist Idea of Security Blocks Path to Peace

… Pinsker, set the pattern in 1881. Anti-Semitism “can never die,” he maintained. Wherever Jews live among foreigners, … as a permanent fact of life. The Zionists aimed to overcome that psychological infirmity by making the Jews a … Holocaust theologian Emil Fackenheim once told an audience that Israel might be destroyed by its enemies. Still, …
Computers utilized by U.S. Navy personnel in 1998.

What the Internet Will Bring Us

… ultimate solution to problems of (pick one, or pick many) communication, commerce, travel, learning, teaching, thinking? Much of the … of Defense created in 1969, the transcontinental railroad (completed exactly a hundred years earlier) brought …
Marina Silva (PSB)

10/21/2014: Top Ten Origins: Brazil's Presidential Elections

… economically most important countries in the world, the outcome of these elections is significant not just for … direct involvement in politics ended in 1985. (Right) Soldiers guarding Guanabara Palace in Rio de Janeiro, March 31, … was elected president of Brazil in 1985 but fell ill and died before he was sworn in. Aécio began his political …
Cover of Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm by Harold James.

Blood and Steel

Review of Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm, by Harold James (Princeton University Press, 2012)
… crimes." 1 Partially as a result, the name Krupp has become synonymous with war profiteering, armaments and the … its legacy. Where Manchester's work heavily emphasizes the company's arms sales, James presents a more balanced account … and was removed from the list of merchants in Essen. 2 He died impoverished two years later. It was his son, Alfried …
The Favorites of Emperor Honorius by John William Waterhouse depicts the emperor's court in the 5th century CE.

Financing Salvation in Late Antiquity

Review of The Ransom of the Soul: Afterlife and Wealth in Early Western Christianity, by Peter Brown (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015.)
… of the living, and that the property of the church had come to be thought of as being held as a trust with which to … Western Christianity.  This, in my opinion, impedes his audience from considering the true centrality of the issues of … considering authorial behaviors. Whatever ancient and medieval bishops preached and wrote about poverty, they …
McCain formally announces his candidacy for president in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 2007.

Why McCain and His Running Mate Demand Special Scrutiny

… had better think again. Of the eight presidents who have died in office, four were killed by assassins. Youth and a … mates of even young and vigorous presidents should be completely qualified to take over all presidential duties in … then World War II — that it's hard to believe that when he died in office of a cerebral hemorrhage he was only 63.   …
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights leaders in 1963.

Giving Up on the Dream?

… to stir the nation after four decades. Yet the black community still struggles to decide whether to follow King’s … biblical approach to leadership that has allowed the black community to proudly maintain its political independence … He had already been jailed for his non-violent civil disobedience in pursuit of those goals. Today’s black leaders have …
Mount Holyoke College

Historical Truth and Personal Truths

… as much troubled by dishonesty and other human shortcomings as other occupations. When scholars make mistakes, … framers of the nation have deservedly attracted a wide audience. And that is one reason why his recent exposure, like exposures of President Clinton's ethical faults, has become a litmus test of sorts for each of us: Ellis's acts, …
Highclere Castle, the main setting for Downton Abbey.

At the Movies: Downton Abbey

… by Michael Engler It has been four years since television audiences bid adieu to the Crawley family and their servants, but now the … its effects: “My maid was rather curt with me, but she is a Communist at heart.” Mounted police clear demonstrators from …
Mata Hari (1876-1917).

Top Ten Origins: Spies, Lies, and Moles: Oh My!

… spy. Since then, as this list shows, espionage became more complex and increasingly valuable. The times change, but … Townsend, along with Washington, shared a secret code to communicate that Tallmadge devised. Townsend ran a coffee … avoided detection by faking insanity. After the war, Union commanders praised the intelligence that Van Lew provided …
Cover of The Blue Tattoo: The Life of Olive Oatman by Margot Mifflin.

Taking it on the Chin

Review of The Blue Tattoo: The Life of Olive Oatman, by Margot Mifflin (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009)
… Yavapais sold them to the Mohaves a year later.  Mary Ann died of an unknown illness exacerbated by famine while with … Olive remade herself into a proper Victorian lady, complete with a child (the couple adopted) and a beautiful … story with good writing for a book that is genuinely easy to read and thought provoking at the same time.  Though …
The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Rus not Russia

… through a specious reading of history beginning with the medieval period and moving through the Soviet Union’s … of the Black Sea. If one were to map this , it would be easy to see that the web of relations stretches across the … not acknowledge. Rusian pilgrims travelled to Santiago de Compostela in northern Iberia, as we see from the …
portion of a movie poster for the movie Mary Queen of Scots, directed by Josie Rourke

At the Movies: Mary Queen of Scots

… to which men will go to take it away from them, and to the complicated politics of one’s immortal soul. Director Josie … religious houses, and declaring Catholicism illegal. Marie died during this revolt, leaving Mary’s illegitimate … of Mary. Elizabeth seems obsessed with her own vanity as compared to Mary but comes to learn that beauty does not …
West Berliners stand amid the rubble of WWII and watch U.S. Air Force transport planes land at Templehof Airport during the Berlin Airlift in 1948.

The Berlin Airlift

… they were delivering 12,491 tons per day.  This was no easy task. The Western powers constructed new runways in both major West Berlin airports just to accommodate the increased traffic from the large, heavy, … places like  Gaza and  Ukraine in 2023-2024, the West faces comparatively more dangerous and difficult situations.  …
Chris Anderson asks: "Will you run again?" Gore replies, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!"

But Gore Did Help Invent the Internet

… When Al Gore allegedly claimed he invented the Internet, comedians, political  pundits and Republicans had a field … optic network, along with the servers, software and other components of what became the Internet, didn't differ from … — more than true patrons. But distinguishing the two is easy. The patron works openly, not covertly, to advance his …