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… Walking through the streets of the small town of Wittenberg, Germany, in … of the sale of indulgences, circa 1530 ( right ). Luther was already a prolific and incisive theologian whose star … turnover and instability in large swaths of Europe.  When Luther posted his theses in 1517, Wittenberg was part …

… Three days after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Patriarch Kirill of the … Chronicle tells how, in 988, Grand Prince Volodymyr of Kyiv was baptized by the Greeks at Chersonesus in Crimea before … in these two areas. This divergence was solidified in 1448, when the Muscovite church rejected the 1439 decision of the …

… his novel Crime and Punishment in installments in the Moscow journal The Russian Herald. Cover of Russkii … Russian Herald ), the journal where "Crime and Punishment" was serialized in 1866. The novel appeared monthly over the … violent methods were clearly on display on April 4, 1866, when a young student named Dmitri Karakozov took a shot at …

… safety legislation has now been passed by both houses of the U.S. Congress and with the president’s signature will … in Kentucky (26 dead miners). The last law before that was the 1969 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act, which followed … against safety regulations. To give just a few examples: when the Bush Administration took office in 2001, it killed …

… Europe Under Hitler , historian Peter Fritzsche examines the civilian response to the Second World War and what he finds is troubling. The war, after all, was not only a struggle between nations, but also an assault … themselves as individuals caught up in the National Socialist storm. He is interested in those who suffered and …

… The recent decision of California voters to take away the … to married couples.   Marriage in this country (as it was even in Puritan New England) is a civil contract. Thus, … for example, Iran’s death penalty against homosexual sex.   When supporters of defining marriage as between one man and …

… There’s bad news and worse news about American politics. The … pockets with cash, land or corporate stock. Such bribery was widespread in the late nineteenth century. More … the last serious accusation of bribery had occurred in 1980 when the FBI’s Abscam sting operation implicated seven …

… Since Chinese President Jiang Zemin’s arrival in the United States on Oct. 26 he has been dogged by … history of United States-Tibet and Sino-Tibetan relations. When the Chinese Communist Party emerged victorious from … into exile.  From the early 1950s until 1971, this revolt was aided by the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency, which …

… court case exposing decades of sterilization abuse in the name of eugenics. Eugenics boards in 33 states oversaw … all were classified as “feebleminded” and the procedure was often performed against their will or with coerced … and Feebleminded , where her foster family abandoned her when she became pregnant as a result of rape. For Buck’s …

… Though Eurasia is the world's largest unified landmass, Eurasian history has … attract the attention of regional powers on the periphery. When the regional powers expand inward, they disrupt the … into four regional empire periods. The first period begins when the Chinese and the Romans each invaded the prosperous …

… in Egypt,” a protestor shook with fury as he shouted at the camera in a message to Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, the … strongman recently voted President of Egypt. The footage was shot about a year ago, just after al-Sisi and the … initially occurred under Anwar Sadat (Nasser’s successor) when policies of greater tolerance and acceptance paved the …

… a full-time teaching job at an American university. In other words, I’m lucky. By now, everyone has probably heard … How can we assist them? Should we even try? In an era when every side of the political spectrum seems to worship … be sure, such programs were easier to defend when America was mired in a depression. Asked why the government should …

… amendment banning gay marriage ought to consider the old Chinese adage, “Be careful what you wish for, … The nation’s constitutional history is full of instances when the outcome of amendments varied from the original … a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, even when they personally oppose the practice, are prudent …

… candles this year.  Like all Jews, I grew up hearing the story of the brave young freedom fighters, the … prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, said it clearly:  when Arafat signed the Oslo Agreements, he was agreeing to be Israel's "subcontractor," to suppress the …

… On this Fourth of July, the Declaration of Independence is nowhere to be seen. Yet … is hard to imagine any document surviving such abuse. Why was it treated in this manner? Simply put, the Declaration … until the country approached its golden anniversary. And when the Declaration was examined in 1820, government …

… February 3, 2018 marked 75 years since the conclusion of the Battle of Stalingrad . After almost … participants in the defense effort ( right ). Stalingrad was hailed in February 3’s Pravda ( Truth ) newspaper as … as Grossman and Koroteev had done in the Soviet period. Whenever the battle is mentioned in popular culture, …

… Travelers to Uzbekistan almost all begin their journey at the large, recently remodeled airport in … the searing heat to Khiva, the “museum in the open” that was, from the sixteenth century, the regional capital. … The Afrighids retained this title until 995 C.E., when power shifted into the hands of the neighboring Amir of …

… We tell ourselves that there is just one ultimate reality out there, a single fixed … allowing the peoples we study to decide for themselves what was true and real in their experience, our picture of the … on which the life and health of the community is staked. When one then surveys the different models of reality that …

… and repressive law that would make it illegal for women of the Shi'i minority (approximately 10 percent of the … As one protester lamented to a New York Times reporter: "Whenever a man wants sex, we cannot refuse. It means a woman … one a woman with light blonde hair, and the country was in the midst of a civil war. Just two months before we …

… Is all well with freedom of expression in the United States? It would seem so, given the latitude of … and ideas. Some public libraries in the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., like many others elsewhere, are now … Act of 1798. It was passed during the republic's infancy, when foreign threats to the nation abounded and when many …

… William Colby has become a more or less forgotten figure in the turbulent history of the 1960s and 1970s. However, he … but also of the CIA and the Vietnam War. During WWII, Colby was reassigned to the Office of Strategic Services and … barely tolerated “the House of Ngo” and often opposed it. When the Ngo government attempted to repress the unrest, …

… On the cold, foggy morning of January 21, 1793—225 years … from the Temple, the fortified medieval monastery where he was imprisoned, to the Place de la Révolution, where the … to execute their beloved father, their king? After all, when the Revolution began just a few years before in 1789, …

… geopolitical disorder and economic distress wrought by swashbuckling capitalism. As Commanders-in-Chief and liberal Protestants, the twenty-fifth and forty-fourth presidents both confronted … than Hosni Mubarak. But despite his declared benevolence, when provided an opportunity Libyans revolted en masse . …