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Etching of Theodore Roosevelt.

Our Federal Government: Still for Sale

… TV age, campaigning is expensive business. Today’s bribes come in the form of enormous but legal campaign … was even more brazen than it is now. Mining and logging companies gained nearly free rein to scar and pollute … contributions, he can avoid federal prosecution as long as someone, somewhere has gotten away with murder. Money for a …
Centennial Seal of the Land Grant Colleges

The 1862 Morrill Act Honored the Liberal Arts As Well As Technical Education

… The first ad had “1862” emblazoned across the top, accompanied by a photograph of President Abraham Lincoln.   … (1890), and Southern (Louisiana) University (1881).   It is commonly assumed that those 30,000 acres of federal land … By 1868, all of Maine’s allocated land had been sold. But some Western states with huge public lands did not need to …
Mutineers in Petrograd during March 1917, shooting upon the Tsar’s police forces.

Russia’s Trial by Fire

Review of Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War 1914-1921, by Laura Engelstein Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017
… In February 1917 , the legacy of collective militancy combined with general economic crisis to produce a general … of mismanaged policy and rationing systems, and which had come to symbolize the litany of grievances urban workers had … troops to mutiny against the monarchy. On February 27, some 170,000 soldiers engaged in a mass mutiny. The mutiny …
Ukrainian refugees board a train in Lviv, February 2022.

West Ukraine’s War Stories: A New Chapter?

… this region has also been central to Ukraine’s complex journey to define itself. In the Soviet era and in … build a national movement with those they viewed as their compatriots living in imperial Russia , rich and often … were also distinguished by their wartime experiences. Some fought for the Soviet cause in the Red Army. Others …
First Cabinet of President Barack Obama in the White House East Room.

The Distant Horizon of a President

… cautious, thoughtful Obama was just plain weak, or worse: incompetent. Well, health care legislation has passed, the … and permanent. Everyone’s attention span is short. But the complex job of the president adheres to a different time … a few clear goals and great persistence in achieving them, sometimes against tremendous odds. The results only became …

Child Kidnapping in America

… Ross), initially refused to pay the (then) enormous ransom demand of $20,000 (only in part because he did not have … the money). This refusal brought him a torrent of negative commentary and helped to define for the future what … All the attention on Charley's disappearance also raised a completely new awareness about the crime of child abduction …
Thomas Jefferson, founder of the University of Virginia, enslaved more than 600 people in his lifetime.

Ivy and Slavery

… it difficult to break free from the constraints of their communities, for many churches, political parties and laws … And it educated others to follow in those steps. It should come as no surprise that its students accepted slavery. … not created equal, that utilitarian principles taught that some should be slaves. There are some lessons in this for …
Soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad

Stalingrad at 75, the Turning Point of World War II in Europe

… of the Second World War began. More than four million combatants fought in the gargantuan struggle at Stalingrad … over France, Poland and others, Hitler and the German High Command ( Oberkommando des Heeres , or OKH), were confident … by a Soviet counteroffensive. The front line froze in place some two hundred kilometers west of Moscow – and 1400 …
poster supporting those lost in Pearl Harbor

Mobilizing for Common Purpose in the COVID Era

… Just how has American society mobilized for a sense of common purpose in the past? And why have we seemed to lose that sense of common purpose today in the midst of the coronavirus … the support of Americans at home. And his aggressive, sometimes abusive, actions helped create the unrest and …
Cover of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union by Serhii Plokhy

"The Greatest Geopolitical Catastrophe of the Century"

Review of The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
… to declare independence ensured that the Soviet Union had become an irrelevancy and its dissolution had become an inevitability. Although questions of ethnicity did … the Islamic central Asian republics. During this interim, some suggested that ethnic unrest be fomented in Ukraine to …
Israeli Prime Minister, Levi Eshkol

Six Days That Shook The World

Review of The Six Day War: The Breaking of the Middle East, by Guy Laron (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017)
… administrations that deemed the application of force a welcome distraction from domestic problems. At the same time, … offensive mindset—“Rabin’s Schlieffenplan,” (145) as Laron coins it in pointed allusion. Rabin's "Schlieffenplan:" an … acted without American permission. Laron’s analysis of what some have called the "red-light, yellow-light, green-light" …
The Favorites of Emperor Honorius by John William Waterhouse depicts the emperor's court in the 5th century CE.

Financing Salvation in Late Antiquity

Review of The Ransom of the Soul: Afterlife and Wealth in Early Western Christianity, by Peter Brown (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015.)
… of the living, and that the property of the church had come to be thought of as being held as a trust with which to … of these memorials reflects contemporary values. But it becomes more of a stretch when he asks us to share his … premium on the maintenance of form and tradition, so it is somewhat risky to read much into the repetition of formulaic …
Chinese women putting up posters on a wall

Modern China and Its Institutions

Review of Making China Modern: From the Great Qing to Xi Jinping, by Klaus Mühlhahn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019)
… (1644-1912) to the present day. The book attempts to accomplish two tasks. First, it provides a general history of … and used to propagate their movement would carry into the Communist Era. Sun Yat-Sen deified nationalist thought and … day provides fascinating insights into the reasons for the sometimes perplexing actions of today’s Chinese Communist …
Two Nord Stream pipes are welded together on the Castoro Sei pipelaying vessel in preparation for laying them beneath the Baltic Sea, 2011.

The Environmental Threat of Russia’s Nord Stream 2 Pipeline

… superpower status. Its narrowing, unstable economy has become dependent on the export of a single commodity: energy. Energy production in Russia, in addition … activities undertaken by the USSR have been labeled by some scholars as “ecocide.” Gazprom is no different. The …
President Kennedy surrounded by cameramen after signing the Cuba Quarantine Order on October 23, 1962.

How Bush Might Have Profited from Kennedy’s Example

… in the quality of American presidential leadership than comparison of John F. Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban … succeeded, Bush has failed. To avert nuclear exchanges, JFK compromised and limited their likelihood. To eliminate … to American ideals, violating no one’s rights. He placed some restrictions on the press but attempted to be true to …
A military reservist, called to service in the wake of the disaster, involved in the decontamination process.

Chernobyl and the Cost of Lies

… the explosion. A plant employee at work, mid-1980s. In any complex system, accidents are inevitable, but the Soviet … laureate in Literature). The third episode shows the gruesome effects of Acute Radiation Syndrome, suffered by plant … the liquidators sent to prevent further contamination. Most extraordinarily, the series portrays the true-to-life use of …
German and Indian troops as part of the international coalition to put down the Boxer Rebellion

History Shadows U.S.-China Relations

… of more than $30 million (then an astronomical amount) as compensation to foreign powers for the damage caused by the … have been censured, not paid, in 1901.  Foreign soldiers committed war crimes, critics of the Protocol argue, and … women. American soldiers did not behave as brutally as some other troops, but they still were part of an invading …

Protestant Preaching after the Age of Graham

… influenced preaching in the decades since. Three important components of Graham’s outreach in particular were … Born in 1918, Graham was a man of his moment. Lanky and handsome, self-confident but homey, he was ordained as a … 20 million people a week in the 1950s heard Graham’s extraordinarily popular radio show, Hour of Decision . Radio …
Herd of horses on desert-steppe

A Postcard from Eastern Kazakhstan

… Once part of the Russian Empire of the tsars and then the Communist Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has been independent … of Russia had arrived before us. Nikolay interviewed some to learn about the importance of the site for them. An … meal. We spent the night in our sleeping bags in a large communal dormitory. Path inside the Konyr-Aulie cave. Some …
President Theodore Roosevelt helped solidify conservation as a national agenda item along with preservationist John Muir.

Executive Conservation

Review of Presidents and the American Environment, by Otis L. Graham, Jr. (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015)
… George H.W. Bush, and Bill Clinton are thrown together in a somewhat bewilderingly-themed chapter subtitled “Presidents … Harry Truman, and Dwight Eisenhower tended to encourage extractive industries to operate on federally-owned land and … onto both parties’ national agendas for decades to come and FDR splicing “conservation into the Democratic …
A Sherman tank enters Fort Santiago

The Battle for Manila

… history of a city that has long sat at the crossroads of competing powers, and it still looms large in the … colonized the site. Menaced by pirates and European competitors, the Spaniards continually improved upon their … Japanese soldiers systematically doused residences—and sometimes residents—in gasoline, while machine gun nests lay …
President bush delivers remarks in 2008

President Bush at His — and Our — Crossroads

… showed too much sympathy for southern interests. They complained that he would not compromise with diverse and powerful political groups in the … office by only a one-vote margin in the Senate. Although some of Bush’s critics talk about forcing him out of office, …
Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves with Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada.

The Iberian Realm of Islam

Review of Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain, by Brian A. Catlos (New York: Basic Books, 2018)
… The reality of the Islamic kingdoms in Iberia was far more complex. Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves … of unrest were already apparent. Factions emerged among competing groups—including among the ruling Umayyad dynastic … brought in their own new factions from northern Africa, some less open to dhimma protections than previous rulers …