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Plate of enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Mexican Food in the United States

… case for Mexican food in the United States, which has undergone many transformations.  It emerged from the distinct … Powder  The food tradition of the American Southwest has come about through various populations’ contributions over … Chili Queens . Though often derided by public health officials, these women street vendors in the main public …
1942 photo of an American flag.

The Changing Symbolism of Old Glory

… Although the United States has often wavered from that commitment, the tragic events of Sept. 11 compel us to … flag and that Betsy Ross of Philadelphia sewed the first one in June 1776 at the request of George Washington. But … Ross suggested the circular arrangement of the stars. No one knows with absolute certainty the symbolism of the …
Senator J. William Fulbright in 1966.

Advice from the Past about Yugoslavia

… But reports of “mass graves” and conflict with Russia make one wonder if this is just a pause in the fighting. Will the … and relying on military superiority and instead find common ground with its adversaries. In October 1962 Kennedy … napalm as valiant fighters for freedom.” The U.S. demonized one side in the dispute in Yugoslavia and assumed that it, …
President Lyndon B. Johnson visiting American troops in Vietnam in 1966.

The Ambiguities of “Cut and Run”

… accusations against the Bush administration’s Democratic opponents ought to be answered. What one person sees as “cut and run” might be seen by another … that Eisenhower did the responsible thing when he quickly completed the truce negotiations that ended the fighting in …
President George W. Bush and his wife Laura listening to a Missouri elementary student read aloud to them.

Can Bush Avoid the Curse of Re-election?

… takes the press and the opposition party a full term to become familiar with an administration’s use of executive … power. But when a president wins re-election, his opponents have an opportunity to use that knowledge to … especially if he has abused presidential power. While no one should discount this administration’s political skill …
Indian troops in Burma, 1944.

A Forgotten Theater of War

Review of India’s War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia, by Srinath Raghavan New York, NY: Basic Books, 2016
… As India assumes the role of one of the global powers, there has been a growing demand … 1939 to over two million in 1945 (64). This process was accompanied by considerable growing pains. Indian troops … India (274). Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League and one of the founders of Pakistan. Meanwhile, the Axis powers, …

Another Silent Spring

… future when “some evil spell” had settled on our communities, when “mysterious maladies swept the flocks of … necessary to feed a burgeoning human population and make money for corporations and farmers. To combat spruce budworm … begin to concentrate more on the selected few, becoming parasites on domesticated livestock like cows, pigs, and …
The U.S.-Economic Cooperation Administration created numerous posters to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe. This one, depicting the flags of various Western European countries receiving Marshall Plan aid, was produced in 1950.

The Marshall Plan

… into law on April 3, 1948. The Marshall Plan, as it’s more commonly known, was intended to revive the economies of … by harsh winters and dismal supply of food and fuel.  Officials soon realized that loans from newly-minted … financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, were simply not …
Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade, by Donald Critchlow Book Cover.

Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade

Review of Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade, by Donald Critchlow (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005)
… movements; and the third being "crib-sheet books, the compilations, quote books, 'dictionaries' and … and, importantly, conservative ideas. Undeniably one of America's most important women, Schlafly is … Critchlow remains remarkably detached – so much so that one wonders what, exactly, he really thinks. In Mrs. America …
Mr. Professor by Joan Carlsson, Flickr, CC BY-NC 2.0

Needed: A New Deal for Academics

… university. In other words, I’m lucky. By now, everyone has probably heard horror stories about freshly minted … on faculty hires. Suddenly, new Ph.D.s found themselves competing with a hundred or even a thousand other candidates … should support actors and artists in the 1930s, New Deal official Harry Hopkins simply responded, “Hell, they’ve got …
Immunization poster from the early 1940s that says, " Immunization: Saves Lives," and shows a child receiving a vaccination.

Voluntary Vaccination: Deciding the Risk of Unknowable Danger

… to run the small risks associated with it, seems a sound one. But does the presumed danger of smallpox justify the … the 1700s, European smallpox epidemics seem to have been comparatively mild, with minimal death rates. But thereafter … smallpox back into Europe about ten times, causing nearly one third of all outbreaks. If health workers are the first …
Cover of The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire by Raymond Jonas

When Ethiopia Stunned the World

Review of The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire, by Raymond Jonas (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2011)
… occupied the northern Ethiopian city of Adigrat Menelik summoned his forces and defeated the Italians at the battle of … and, due to a series of blunders by his subordinate commanders, his force was overwhelmed. Aside from numerous casualties, one mission reported roughly 3,600 dead though the exact …
Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick book cover.

Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger

Review of Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger, by Bruce Kuklick (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)
… World War. After listening to his story, I asked him to compare what he knew of Vietnam to his own experiences. His … whose theories competed for the attention of elected officials. Thriving in what Elaine Tyler May has called "the … to a lack of "social knowledge," a problem which no one could have solved (214). Thus, just as they and others …
Harry Beck’s London Underground Railway map, designed in 1931 and released to the public in 1933.

All Aboard!: A Train Ride through the British Twentieth Century in 100 Maps

Review of A History of the Twentieth Century in 100 Maps, by Tim Bryars and Tom Harper (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2014)
… Welcome aboard the train, British History ! In preparation for … is in tip-top condition and bravely chugging into World War One . The taste of victory is especially sweet, considering … or witness the royal coronation of George VI in 1937. Nonetheless, please remain seated otherwise, specifically …
The United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland) is the second biggest UN centre, after the United Nations Headquarters (New York City).

The U.N. may be dysfunctional, but it’s the kind of dysfunction that its founders intended

… would serve merely as an explicit reminder of the U.N.'s incompetence.   An examination of the situation with an eye to … real change in the global security environment.    If one is to trust the words of the U.N.'s architects, the … to make a difference on the world stage.    Disarmament is one of those issues that too many lesser states like North …
 A depiction of the burning of Louisa Mabree, a French midwife and convicted witch, in a cage filled with black cats

The Rise of Freethinkers

Review of The Decline of Magic: Britain in the Enlightenment , by Michael Hunter (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2020)
… Catholic worldview to a new and radical Protestant one. This shift disenchanted the world and separated the … of magic. Belief in magic and magical occurrences was commonplace before the Reformation and persisted long after … is mainly concerned with how Wagstaffe’s book predicts the tone of early eighteenth-century Deists rather than reflects …
Ellis Island, New York City.

Hiding Behind Reform

… of which are apparent in the ProjectUSA campaign: First, opponents make a mythological distinction between present-day immigration and the flood of newcomers who came in the past. ProjectUSA’s website is emphatic on this point. Making this distinction is …
A view of the World Trade Center in New York City

Responding to Terror: No Good Choices

… and anger are settling into a cold rage against whoever committed the atrocity and those who may be sheltering the … accomplices and families. But what must now be done? This is the question transfixing the government and being debated by the rest of society. On one side are the advocates of quick, decisive and massive …
Sir Winston Churchill in 1945.

Churchill on Iraq: “Living on an Ungrateful Volcano”

… course of action in Iraq was a waste – a waste of money, effort, time and political capital. The difficulties … after month, year after year. Churchill declared the Arab officials of Iraq’s British-backed King Feisal “incompetent.” He noted the gross over-expenditure of monies in …
Six founders of the Algerian FLN: Rabah Bitat, Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Didouche Mourad, Mohammed Boudiaf, Krim Belkacem and Larbi Ben M'Hidi, 1954

The Evian Accords: An Uncertain Peace

… France, under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle, abandoned the fight to keep Algeria French and sought terms with … That paper, simply entitled “Declarations Drawn up in Common Agreement,” was signed in a town on the French side … M’Hamed Yazid, and Seghir Mostefaï. British diplomatic officials were impressed that de Gaulle managed to extract …