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STS-116 mission specialists, NASA astronaut Robert Curbeam and ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang perform extravehicular activity (EVA) during construction of the International Space Station.

Facing Opportunities and Obstacles in Space

… President Obama’s plans for the future of America’s civilian space programs,, outlined … exploitation of space — the high cost of reaching orbit. When I fly domestically, I pay about $2 per pound of me for … making space affordable can prove far more important than was beating the Russians to the moon. Instead of twelve …
US citizens in unemployment line

America and Unemployment

Grade Level
9-12
Teaching Area
US History since 1877
… This lesson plan looks at the United States today and the current issue of unemployment. Our lesson plan follows … board.  This answer will be the standpoint that they take when writing a letter in the following class period(s) to …
Storming the Bastille

Storming the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

… More than any other event of the eighteenth century, the French Revolution, … it became a model of revolutionary political change that was followed throughout the world from Europe, to Haiti , … , Russia , and East Asia . And it all began one July day when the people of Paris captured a fourteenth-century …
An image of Kuwait’s oil fields after they were set ablaze by retreating Iraqi soldiers during the First Gulf War

Oil Empires and Petro-Anarchies

Review of Empires and Anarchies: A History of Oil in the Middle East, by Michael Quentin Morton (London: Reaktion Books, 2017)
… Quentin Morton’s Empires and Anarchies: A History of Oil in the Middle East , serves as a concise, easy-to-read … beginning with European exploration up to 1971, when all Middle Eastern states had obtained independence. … a more disparaging social structure. The oil industry was one in which jobs were given primarily to Europeans and …
U.S. General James Van Fleet and Greek War Minister Kanellopoulos walking between lines of soldiers on the island of Makronissos during the Greek Civil War

The Greek Civil War, 1946–1949

The years 1940–1949 were ones of continuous horror for the Greek people.
When the Second World War (WWII) ended in 1945 and the rest of Europe was beginning to rebuild itself, Greece entered into a … The years 1940–1949 were ones of continuous horror for the Greek people. … The Greek Civil War, 1946–1949 …
Portrait of James Madison.

The Hidden Consequences of Campaign Finance Reform

The campaign finance reform bill passed by Congress will … compromise even more difficult than it is today. In 1787, when James Madison, the Constitution’s greatest architect, was campaigning to get the Constitution ratified as the law … The Hidden Consequences of Campaign Finance Reform …
An array of non-lethal guns laid out on a table.

Taking a Big Bite Out of the Second Amendment

The struggle over ownership of guns in the United States has … taken a dramatic turn. In the midst of the winter holidays, when you could bet that everyone’s mind was elsewhere, the U. S. Department of Justice decided to … Taking a Big Bite Out of the Second Amendment …
Nazis at Marienplatz in Munich during the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch.

Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch and Weimar’s Resolve

… Erich Ludendorff led an ill-fated attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government and establish a new nationalist … from economic turmoil to political unrest. The year 1923 was indeed a crucible for the fledgling German Republic. … of the republic proved itself at precisely this moment.  When all that remained of the Weimar democracy was the
The Golubac Fortress was a medieval fortified town on the south side of the Danube River

A Postcard from Djerdap, Serbia

… research took me to a number of prominent cities in the former Yugoslavia: to Belgrade, Serbia, as well as Tuzla … of mountains, forests, fields, lakes, and rivers. The park was established in 1974, one of many founded during the socialist period of Yugoslavia. Djerdap is promoted as a …
the U.S. Constitution, COM Library, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Why Getting Rid of the Filibuster Is Still a Good Idea

… a major mistake by opposing filibuster reform. By opposing the proposal of Sen. Bill Frist, the Republican Senate … II period were even bolder in their aspiration. Their goal was to transform the Senate into a strictly majoritarian … as ending lynching. This struggle culminated in 1975 when Republican Vice President Nelson Rockefeller intervened …
Cover of Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 by Odd Arne Westad.

Putting the Middle Kingdom in the Middle

Review of Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750, by Odd Arne Westad (New York: Basic Books, 2012)
… As China moves closer to the center of the world economy interest in China's future … Meanwhile, strong sense of commitment to their homeland was also prevalent among the Chinese diasporic communities.  … for foreign contact and capitalist modernity started cooled when the whole world was dragged into WWII. War experiences …

Treating the Symptoms: Northern Ireland’s Incomplete Peace

… met with Martin McGuiness, Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland while touring Belfast as part of her Diamond … servant—would not be particularly noteworthy. However, this was not most cases, as McGuiness was not just any public … more and more as undemocratic, unfair, and anachronistic. When Catholics organized a civil rights protest movement …
Transmission tower in Tennessee in the 1940s.

Back to the Future With Thomas A. Edison

… Summer’s heat brings with it, as it did last year, the threat of massive power outages. Everyone who’s suffered … distribution system, fought Westinghouse stubbornly. When it appeared he could no longer win by competing fairly, … Nth Power, a venture capital company in San Francisco, it wasn’t so much that Edison was wrong as that he was ahead of …
Captured soldiers along the march with their hands tied behind their backs

The Bataan Death March

… Although Americans today may take the tactical and operational brilliance of their military … filled them with a burning desire for revenge. The result was what historian John Dower dubbed a “war without mercy” … march and Japanese mistreatment of U.S. prisoners of war. When U.S. troops returned to the Philippines, Gen. MacArthur …

The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing

… more than a decade after 9/11, reveals a great deal about the phenomenon we have come to know as suicide bombing. … passengers on United Flight 93. The goal of the hijackings was to reprogram the guidance systems of the airliners so … with relatively long periods of cessation. In 2001, when the peace process collapsed entirely, a massive …