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The Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Barry (DDG 52) launches a Tomahawk missile in support of Operation Odyssey Dawn on March 19, 2011.

What Can Air Power Achieve? From Rolling Thunder to Odyssey Dawn

… never quite sure what those air assaults should or could accomplish. Though he hoped that Hanoi would abandon its … to preserve a stable South Vietnam could not be accomplished by air strikes alone.   Though President Obama's … the past several decades, air strikes and no-fly zones have sometimes achieved their goals when those goals were clear, …
Queen Elizabeth I in Parliament

The Pandora’s Box of Religious Pluralism in the English Reformation

Review of Heretics and Believers: A Short History of the English Reformation, by Peter Marshall New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017
… and religious images get out of hand: ‘he must be for all companies, and all men’s money.’” To the lay and scholastics alike, the first thoughts that come to mind when discussing the Reformation is almost never … during these reigns. It is not until Elizabeth I that some form of lasting stability is finally achieved. The …
Demonstrators protest the judicial proceedings against suspected White Power activists following the Greensboro massacre of 1979.

"Lone Wolves" No More

Review of Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America, by Kathleen Belew (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018)
… A soldier named Tim McVeigh . . . ―Charlie King, The War is Coming Home , 1996 On April 19, 1995, a date fraught with … former soldier Timothy McVeigh—along with several accomplices—detonated a three-and-a-half ton fertilizer bomb … a detailed plan for race war.” White Power leaders adopted some of the fictional warriors’ key strategies, most notably …
A Day in a Medieval City, by Chiara Frugoni Book Cover

A Day in a Medieval City

Review of A Day in a Medieval City, by Chiara Frugoni (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2007)
… had written two short articles on urban life. Frugoni combined the two articles, included her own notes, and has … almost entirely on its inhabitants. To do so, she deftly combines textual and visual sources. Using primarily the … the chapters, the transition from chapter to chapter can be somewhat jarring. In addition to the vignettes of medieval …
A black and white photo of Barry Goldwater in 1962.

Rick Perry, Social Security, and the Ghost of Barry Goldwater

… criticized Social Security but later backed away from his comments after his Republican opponents and the press jumped … President Lyndon Johnson—Perry may not be able to overcome his past attacks on Social Security no matter how hard … Democrats’ television campaign was so successful that even some local Republican organizers assailed Goldwater for his …

South America’s ‘Sleeping Giant’ Wakes: Brazil’s 2010 Election

… and Russia, and with nearly two times the per-capita income of China, Brazil is on track to become a major force in the global economy. How Things Change … as January she was also battling lymphatic cancer. For some analysts, the expansion of prosperity and of economic …
A painting of the Rubicon scene from the mid-nineteenth century: Gustave Boulanger, Jules-César arrivé au Rubicon.

Julius Caesar Crosses the Rubicon

… Gaul, or today’s Emilia Romagna—the statesman and accomplished general Julius Caesar crossed the little Rubicon … which ended with Caesar’s victory—and enabled Caesar to become, essentially, the sole ruler of the Roman state . … an army that was too loyal for their comfort. Caesar was to some degree hamstrung, though. He knew the Senate would …
Chinese EVA spacesuit "Feitian".

China’s Manned Space Program: an Opportunity for Cooperation

… What happens when the world’s largest Communist country launches its first cosmonaut into orbit … vulnerability and led president John F. Kennedy to commit the United States to sending men to the moon. The … space program, if only from unclassified literature, some in the United States will undoubtedly use the first …
Cover of The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire by Raymond Jonas

When Ethiopia Stunned the World

Review of The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire, by Raymond Jonas (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2011)
… and, due to a series of blunders by his subordinate commanders, his force was overwhelmed. Aside from numerous … the battle. His narrative navigates seamlessly between commanders and commoners and sheds new light the conflict. … religious, political, and regional lines. It was hoped by some, such as Prime Minister Crispi, that imperialism would …
Electoral college results from the 2008 presidential election.

Break Up the States?

… differences? Opponents of Electoral College reform commonly respond that the federal government should not … geographic and population apportionment safeguards smaller communities’ important interests. It’s an argument as old as … as much in the Electoral College and Senate as that of someone in the East. This solution also offers other …
Harry Beck’s London Underground Railway map, designed in 1931 and released to the public in 1933.

All Aboard!: A Train Ride through the British Twentieth Century in 100 Maps

Review of A History of the Twentieth Century in 100 Maps, by Tim Bryars and Tom Harper (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2014)
… Welcome aboard the train, British History ! In preparation for … in the world. The bloody 1900 Boer War and increased competition with the Germans over railroad and maritime … way to explore J.R. R. Tolkein’s Middle Earth, engage in some football (the English, not American kind), and even …
A bison in Yellowstone National Park.

Why the Buffalo Still Roam

… ethics of the robber barons. Between 1871 and 1883, commercial hide hunters slaughtered buffalo by the millions. … create a context in which Americans began to see nature as something far different than their ancestors. The paintings … the resulting public outcry finally allowed Congress to overcome the railroads and pass a law creating meaningful …
Soldiers marching in front of the memorial - The Motherland Calls in Volgograd.

Living in History: Stalingrad at 75

… Glory, at Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia. The monument commemorates those who died defending the city 1942-1943. In … statue The Motherland Calls , sited on a hill that saw some of the fiercest fighting in 1942, towers over the city. … several weeks by a handful of Soviet defenders under the command of the eponymous Lieutenant Pavlov, is partially …
This photo shows Humanitarian Daily Rations (HDR), which was transported from bases in the U.S. and air dropped to regions of Afghanistan where the displaced people are at risk of starvation.

Democracy’s Vital Ingredient — Food

… wise to heed Marshall's warning and rally the international community to increase food aid to the Afghan government. … appeal has not been fully answered by the international community. Another tragedy is unfolding in the isolated … Afghan government. A grain reserve would offer Afghanistan some protection against future food shortages brought on by …
An official portrait of Vice President Dick Cheney taken in 2005

Cheney: Silent Partner to the President

… conceived.” Under Cheney, the vice presidency has become an extension of the presidency itself. Adams was not … Bush has great respect for Cheney’s ability to accomplish common goals without drawing attention to himself. … as the end of a political career. In fact, it has become something of a springboard to the presidency. Four of the …
Protestors against the U.S. Trump administration voice their commitment to the world's dispossessed.

The Politics of Refugee Aid in America’s “Short Century”

Review of Benevolent Empire: U.S. Power, Humanitarianism, and the World's Dispossessed , by Stephen R. Porter Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
… U.S. Power, Humanitarianism, and the World’s Dispossessed comes at a time that many observers of U.S. domestic … has had a murky, even “schizophrenic,” view of its commitment to the world’s dispossessed. Although the United … During the war, volunteer agencies like Herbert Hoover’s Committee to Relieve Belgium and the American Jewish Joint …
A homeless man outside the outside the United Nations building in New York with the American flag in the background.

A New Abolition Movement — Against Poverty

… tax credit for children to the nation’s 6.5 million low-income families, and has buried the measure in another round … abolition aroused a cadre of reformers who unsettled public complacency in less than a century. In 1780, Pennsylvania … deplore it in dinner table conversations before asking someone to pass the lamb chops. Barbara Ehrenreich detailed …
Close-up of the mural commemorating works of A.J. Muste on the War Resisters League Building in New York, New York.

"There Is No Way to Peace, Peace Is the Way": A.J. Muste and American Radical Pacifism

Review of American Gandhi: A.J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century, by Leilah Danielson (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014)
… nonconformist left. Historian Leilah Danielson attempts to complete the work that Muste did not. It is most useful to … he tried to forge an independent middle ground between the Communists on the left and the AFL on the right, first at … the capstone of Muste's global vision, and it would be somewhat of an obsession for the remainder of his life. In …
Sir Christopher Wren

The Society That Started It All: The Origins of Modern Science

Review of The Royal Society and the Invention of Modern Science, by Adrian Tinniswood (New York: Basic Books, 2019.)
… where it remained until 1780 when it moved to the larger Somerset House. After again relocating in 1857 to Burlington … to elevate them to an esteemed position in the eyes of competing Oxbridge scientists, derisive Anglican clergy, and … began to wane, and by the century’s close meetings had become a place to present research (comparable to modern …
Lindh photographed after being transported to Camp Rhino.

Walker’s Misguided — But No Traitor

… as taking up arms against the government or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. The offense is extremely serious and … constitute treason. Under Marshall’s standards, Walker has committed no treason. Of course Walker is wrong in the eyes … and volunteers from Europe and the United States, some of them communists, joined the fight. The neutral …
Vegetables from ecological farming.

Bringing Democrats and Republicans Together over Food

… enemies of peace."   Democrats and Republicans could surely come together to realize that children overseas dying or … hunger a foreign policy priority.  They can and should come together over food.   This has to happen if we are to … in the U.S. government to lead the fight against hunger, someone to consistently remind people of suffering in far …
The 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding

How Presidential Power Became Untouchable

… or the Republican who aspires to succeed him. If so, the outcome will reinforce conclusions previously drawn from the … the conduct of national security policy. That legacy deeply compromises our constitutional system. Lessons drawn from … efforts repeatedly failed, has now concluded that an extraordinary claim of presidential authority can be made …
John F. Kennedy and Dr. Alvin Weinburg at the Graphite Reactor Oak Ridge National Lab in 1959.

The Dangers – Then and Now – of a Pre-Emptive Strike

… the bomb without igniting a major war. Even more worrisome is the catastrophic possibility that Bush will form … Bush administration has wisely allowed the international community to take the lead in responding to the threat from … sanctions against Iran for the first time and urged Iran to comply with a United Nations request to halt its nuclear …