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Cover of Mother of Invention by Robert I. Field

Government Fingers in the Health Care Jar?

Review of Mother of Invention: How the Government Created "Free Market Health Care", by Robert I. Field (Oxford University Press, 2013)
… “Keep the government out of my health care.” If you’ve been privy … contrariety . The first hospital in the United States was the brainchild of Benjamin Franklin and a friend Dr. … personnel . A year before the nation’s founding in 1775 —when the country geared up for the approaching Revolutionary …
Views of the White Tower in Thessaloniki, Greece.

A Postcard from Thessaloniki, Greece

The people of Thessaloniki, Greece embrace the enigmatic … Istanbul tells me all Turkish students learn that this city wasthe Ottoman door to Europe.” As such, the port became … “Greek.” This nationalist transformation occurred in 1912, when troops from Athens and other areas of the south beat …
photo of FDR.

Picking Up Where FDR Left Off

… As the economic crisis ripples through the world, some liberal … FDR thought about the New Deal in a global context, too. He was convinced that the United States could never prosper … in the UNÕs Universal Declaration of Human Rights.   When it came time to implement the Charter, U.S. policy was
Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. during a meeting with Senator Patrick Leahy on August 29, 2005

Give Roberts Some Breathing Room

There’s a whiff of religious intolerance swirling around as … Roberts what he would do if the law required a ruling that was in conflict with his Catholic values. Although abortion … a Maryland Catholic, was made chief justice in 1836, a time when the country was in the grip of anti-Catholic violence. …
John Trumbull's portrait of Alexander Hamilton.

This Won’t Be the Last Political Sex Scandal

… Another political sex scandal is in the news. It’s hard to keep … War-time newspaper articles rumored that George Washington had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jefferson was … fall from grace. In particular the stories pack a wallop when the individuals appear to be hypocritical — an …
Cover of Patrick Henry: First Among Patriots by Thomas S. Kidd

Patriot or Pragmatist?

Review of Patrick Henry: First Among Patriots, by Thomas S. Kidd (New York: Basic Books, 2011)
… Patrick Henry, it is his immortal declaration, made during the Virginia Convention of 1775: "I know not what course … Thomas Kidd reminds us that the closest surviving source was published four decades after the fact and based on … the county courts would have depended on who was asked and when. He was certainly a radical voice for revolution, …
Cover of Fears of a Setting Sun: The Disillusionment of America's Founders by Dennis C. Rasmussen

Such a Disappointment

Review of Fears of a Setting Sun: The Disillusionment of America’s Founders, by Dennis C. Rasmussen (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2021)
… Americans have always been haunted by the idea that the country is in decline. Underneath the … Hamilton (top left) , John Adams (bottom left) , George Washington (middle) , and Thomas Jefferson (right) . … nonpartisan harmony was already an exceedingly distant one when he stepped down from the presidency,” and by his last …
West Berliners stand amid the rubble of WWII and watch U.S. Air Force transport planes land at Templehof Airport during the Berlin Airlift in 1948.

The Berlin Airlift

… On May 12, 1949,  the Soviet Union officially lifted its blockade of  West … blockade, one of the earliest episodes in the  Cold War , was largely ineffective because of several factors, … Airlift began on June 26, only two days after the Blockade when the US government initiated “Operation Vittles,” the
Inside the National Veteran's Museum and Memorial - The NVMM's exhibits chronicle the stages of a veteran's experience.

The National Veterans Museum and Memorial

The National Veterans Memorial and Museum (NVMM) in Columbus, Ohio is the first national memorial or museum dedicated to honor all … of their service prior to being discharged—the moment when they each became a veteran. Despite its “national” …
A Hawaiian man employing the spearfishing techniques described by Fagan, circa 1890.

Built Upon Bounty

Review of Fishing: How the Sea Fed Civilization, by Brian Fagan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017)
The history of fishing predates our own species . Preserved … began to hunt fish at least half a million years ago. This was not a haphazard operation, but rather a skilled … seasonal movements, and hunting techniques. Even when limited written records do exist, such as in the case …
Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Restoring Russian Support for the War on Terror

… In the hours after the planes struck the World Trade Center and … W. Bush to express sympathy for the victims of the attack was the Russian president, Vladimir Putin. Putin’s phone … equipment — and still owed the Kremlin more than $7 billion when he was overthrown by U.S. forces. With Saddam now on …
A plume of smoke rising from a neighborhood in Beirut following an Israeli strike in 2006.

Why Israel’s Campaign Will Likely Fail

… Many Americans see Israel’s response to the capture of three of its soldiers as entirely justified. … of Tyre and Beirut now, the true goal of the Israelis then was something different. That goal was to destroy the PLO … a constructive role in the Middle East, unlike the days when the hammer and sickle flew over the Kremlin. In …
Sylvester I and Constantine in a 1247 fresco.

Top Ten Origins: Popes Before 1500

The movie  Conclave has left us all wondering: Do cardinals … a book about popes and the papacy (before there really was a papacy, in fact!), I have a few answers.   As is … the Roman church during an especially tumultuous period, when the Lombards were seizing territory in Italy and the
A pro-union demonstration in Romania, 2009. The flag translates to "Moldova Our Sister"

Moldova and Romania: A Long and Complicated Relationship

… Both politically and culturally, Romania and the Republic of Moldova have never been closer. The … well in the 2020 elections. For some, Moldovan identity was created by the Soviet Union, a process that stripped … leanings was undone in 1918 and then reversed again when the region was occupied by the Soviet Union, which …
The Sherman M4-A2E8 Tank

12/3/2014: At the Movies: Fury

… Fury is the newest war film from director David Ayer. The movie … next day by American GIs. Ayer’s stated goal with the film was to challenge the conventional “good war” narrative.  He … soldier, the crew of “Fury” spend most of their time – when not in battle – committing atrocities. The film depicts …
Marines from 1st Battalion 7th Marines enter a palace during the Battle of Baghdad.

Iraq War a Major Departure in American Foreign Affairs

The Bush Administrations decision to intervene in Iraq … have argued that Americas proactive intervention in Iraq was a return to the dominant diplomatic and military … intelligence and invaded Iraq, and this at a time when Osama bin Laden remained at large. The people of Iraq …
President LBJ's "Midnight Address" on the 2nd Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964.

Remember the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Bush administration has increased pressure on Congress … asked for such a carte blanche — in 1964. The president was Lyndon Johnson. He got what became known as the Gulf of … were hoping for a quick capitulation by the North. When that did not occur, Johnson repeatedly escalated …
US propaganda leaflet used in Afghanistan, with bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri.

Fighting a Cold War Against Osama bin Laden

… Osama bin Laden has fired another rhetorical shot across America’s bow. His latest tape, … on threats. It’s worth remembering that the Cold War was won over the course of decades, not years. Like Stalin … but radical Islam will continue to pose a threat even when bin Laden goes, as the Soviet Union did after Stalin …
A sign from a DC Women's March that reads, "70% anti-abortion leaders are men; 100% of them will never be pregnant."

Abortion, History, and the Beginning of Life

… “Life begins at conception.” “Abortion is murder.” Such is the basic pro-life argument against abortion, and it’s an … Supreme Court’s decision in that case to legalize abortion was a hideous mistake. In their view, the Court created a … and raped by a local king. According to the legend, when Kieran discovered that the nun was pregnant, “he made …
President George W. Bush delivers his remarks on the global war on terror during a visit Thursday, Sept. 7, 2006, to Atlanta

War and “The Law of Unintended Consequences”

… on terrorists and expressed his determination to smoke out the villains responsible for the terrible assaults of Sept. … results envisioned by some of the gung-ho strategists in Washington. Consider what happened in the past under what … by surprise, even though they might have known better. When President Lyndon B. Johnson escalated America’s combat …
The Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Barry (DDG 52) launches a Tomahawk missile in support of Operation Odyssey Dawn on March 19, 2011.

What Can Air Power Achieve? From Rolling Thunder to Odyssey Dawn

… With his recent decision to launch Operation Odyssey Dawn, the code name for the air strikes against Libya's Moammar … has shown in his book "The Limits of Airpower," Johnson was never quite sure what those air assaults should or could … and no-fly zones have sometimes achieved their goals when those goals were clear, specific, and attainable.  But …
The White House lit in green light for St. Patrick's Day.

9/11 and 3/17: Closer Than You Think

… weekend, as hundreds march to celebrate St. Patrick's Day, the most evident colors may very well be red, white and … Day marches took place in colonial New York City, it was in the mid-19th century that the parade as we know it … but it's important to recognize how far we have come.   So when this weekend's St. Patrick's Day parades pay tribute to …
Chinese manufactured goods, like this jar from the Ming dynasty, were highly desired trade items.

Borne by the Waves: The Ocean’s Role in Global Trade

Review of The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans, by David Abulafia (Oxford University Press, 2019)
… David Abulafia’s The Boundless Sea  is not, strictly speaking, a history of … Ming dynasty, were highly desired trade items. Scandinavia was also central to global trade networks at this time, with … makes the importance of a region’s trading prowess clear when explaining that the Portuguese Empire emerged from a …
First house built with a loan from the Federal Housing Administration after World War II.

Reforming a Welfare State

… In the early 1960s, the English economist, Joan Robinson, … lecturing to a U.S. audience on the British welfare state, was asked to comment on the American “welfare state.” … present in the New Deal years, and after World War II when both parties forged a consensus around fighting the