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Nationalist police forces in Barcelona preventing voting in the October 1, 2017 referendum.

Top Ten Origins: Catalonia (Catalunya) and Spain

… ten historical moments help us understand the long and complicated relationships Catalunya has had with Spain as … to Spanish and French, known as Catalan. 2. Catalunya: A Medieval Borderland Miniature of Charlemagne and four Muslim … Franks, evolved one of the earliest parliamentary bodies in Europe, the corts of Catalunya, which wielded a great amount …
the monument of the Soviet army in Sofia, completed in 1954

11/4/2014: Empty Fountains: Communist-Era Monuments Revisited

… What is the afterlife of an old communist statue? Just what to do with all the Soviet-era monuments in eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 has been a … 2011, residents of Sofia woke up to find the Soviet army soldiers reincarnated into American comic and pop art figures ( …
World War II poster of American, British, Chinese, and Russian soldiers shaking hands.

Patrick Buchanan’s Forebears

… he could have destroyed the Soviet Union. For Buchanan, Communism, with its rejection of free enterprise and foreign … on as a bulwark against the spread of the doctrine through Europe.” Kennedy knew about the attitudes of the British … One of these influential isolationists was Martin Dies, the Texas congressman who chaired the House Unamerican …
Miklós Horthy, Hungarian regent, and Adolf Hitler in 1938.

Hitler’s Gamble with Destiny, 1941

… Hitler created the opposite of what he intended to accomplish by invading the Soviet Union. Instead of destroying … any hope of a victory, he created a political vacuum in Europe. Germany lay in ruins. France, Britain, Italy, the … of Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union will eventually die out. But in terms of historical cause and effect, 60 …
Illustration of Agnes Sampson speaking to the Devil in human form. From The History of Witches and Wizards (1720).

The Execution of Agnes Sampson for Witchcraft in Edinburgh

… There were only two kinds of people in most of early-modern Europe to whom an ordinary person could turn for help when confronted with life’s more … “North Berwick Witches” tried with her is exceptionally complex, involving politics, religion, magic, and conspiracy …
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife before their assassinations in Sarajevo.

The Enduring Lesson of Sarajevo

… escalated into a catastrophic world war that shattered Europe’s political stability and left 10 million dead. In … invasion, the Iraqi military could engage in house-to-house combat or terrorist attacks against U.S. troops in Baghdad … warfare. “We’ll be home for Christmas!” shouted the soldiers as they boarded trains for the front. The blinkered …
The view of Dresden and the Elbe River from the very top of the Frauenkirche.

A Postcard from Dresden, Germany: Living in the Shadow of World War II

… or “Old Town,” is relatively new. This area had to be completely rebuilt after its destruction during  World War … it is estimated that anywhere from 18,000 to 25,000 people died during this attack. The Fürstenzug, or Procession of … that led to its reconstruction. It cost about 180 million  euros  in total to rebuild the church, and the process was …
Troops of the French 2nd Armored Division parade down the Champs-Élysées on 26 August 1944

The Liberation of Paris

… four years of Nazi occupation. Following a week of guerilla combat between Resistance fighters and the occupying German … Fourth Infantry Division. The following morning, General Dietrich von Choltitz, the German military governor and … ancillary to the main Allied objective: ending the war in Europe as quickly as possible by compelling the surrender of …
Storming the Bastille

Storming the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

… began in 1789, changed the face of modern politics across Europe and the world. It overturned the longstanding French … human and civil rights to modern political practice. It also helped to usher in modern nationalism and nation-states. … by historians, depicted by artists and celebrated by common people. In 1880, the French chose to make the …
illustration of people around a fire ring

The Causes and Costs of Barrenness

Review of Infertility in Early Modern England, by Daphna Oren-Magidor (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)
… and legacy. Women, on the other hand, struggled to comes to terms with their infertility in large part because … to explain the occurrence of infertility. For example, she points out that many of the behavioral causes of infertility … of women continued to rely on ‘kitchen physic,’ or remedies made at home with widely available ingredients. Her …
Soldiers in Kosovo

Kosovo: The Lessons of History?

… “If our bombs are so ‘smart,’ how come they’re always hitting refugees, … the Kurds. So why are we so interested in Kosovo? Are European politics and lives more important than those of the … Europe … Kosovo … Kosovo: The Lessons of History? …
Church and belltower at Usol’e.

A Postcard from the Ural Mountains

… and exploration. Naturalist Johann Gmelin (1709-55) was so captivated by the industrial sites of “Catharinenburg” … to and from Siberia in 1734 and again in September 1742, commenting from Nev’iansk: “I had little interaction with … plants of the twentieth. The Urals made Russia into Europe’s primary iron exporter in the eighteenth century, as …
Soldiers marching in front of the memorial - The Motherland Calls in Volgograd.

Living in History: Stalingrad at 75

… citizens a means to imagine their nation as the savior of European civilization against the genocidal German invaders. … Glory, at Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia. The monument commemorates those who died defending the city 1942-1943. In the twenty-first … Europe …
The Champs Elysees crowded with French patriots after the liberation of Paris in 1944.

We Didn’t Go It Alone in 1944

… will honor the thousands of American and other Allied soldiers who gave their lives there in 1944. As Americans … policies now causing so much trouble in Iraq. When it comes to remembering World War II, Americans should be more … Americans, the French also commemorate all fronts of the European war. During the Cold War, members of the large …
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, by Judith Herrin Book Cover

Byzantium for Dummies

Review of Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, by Judith Herrin (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008)
… to Byzantium , Herrin relates a story of two builders coming to her office after passing it daily to ask her what … culture. It was in constant dialogue with Western Europe, but ruled over the eastern half of the … Empire. Byzantium fulfills some of our ideas about the Medieval period, with political and religious influence …
The First Crusade: The Call from the East, by Peter Frankopan Book Cover.

Restoring the Origins of the First Crusade: A Medieval Chronicle Written in the Twenty-First Century

Review of The First Crusade: The Call from the East, by Peter Frankopan (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012)
… been regarded in western scholarship as a pious call to European knights for military pilgrimage to Jerusalem at the … would send out a call throughout western Christendom for soldiers to come to Alexios' aid by appealing to the western … limitations, and may certainly wish to dispute individual points of Frankopan's argument along the way. It is worth …
Mutineers in Petrograd during March 1917, shooting upon the Tsar’s police forces.

Russia’s Trial by Fire

Review of Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War 1914-1921, by Laura Engelstein Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017
… that the War had on Russian society, making three major points. First, the War highlighted and intensified the … In February 1917 , the legacy of collective militancy combined with general economic crisis to produce a general … against the monarchy. On February 27, some 170,000 soldiers engaged in a mass mutiny. The mutiny proved decisive, …
A photo of Helmut Kohl in1987.

Germany After Kohl

… sad watching a powerful political figure overstay his welcome. Helmut Kohl, German chancellor for sixteen years, has … Sept. 27, German voters opted for Gerhard Schrôder and the Social Democrats over Kohl and his coalition of Christian … a Germany very much in line with his ideas about the European and world situation. Adenauer seemed the …
Title page of the first edition of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, 1818.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

… nineteen, published the gothic novel Frankenstein. It has become a classic of English literature. Title page of the … her father William Godwin was a leading enlightenment philosopher, her mother Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer English … her feverish story: ten days after her birth her mother died from puerperal fever, at seventeen she eloped with …
"Glory to victorious Red Army soldier!" by Dmitrii Stakhievich Moor, 1920

The October Revolution in Russia

… 24, 1917, Bolshevik Red Guards began to take control of key points in the Russian capital—railway stations, telegraph … given the senseless slaughter of millions of soldiers during the First World War, the October Revolution … sent to the Civil War, 1919. Combatant countries throughout Europe during the First World War had increased state …
Six founders of the Algerian FLN: Rabah Bitat, Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Didouche Mourad, Mohammed Boudiaf, Krim Belkacem and Larbi Ben M'Hidi, 1954

The Evian Accords: An Uncertain Peace

… a substantial number of whom made up the 800,000 white European settlers (known as pieds-noirs ) who fled Algeria … That paper, simply entitled “Declarations Drawn up in Common Agreement,” was signed in a town on the French side … to be domestic disturbances by terrorists. French soldiers patrol the hills above Souk Ahras, Algeria (1958). On …
Hitler with politicians

The Nazis Take Poland and the Start of World War II

… of the German Army moved out of their encampments and into combat. It was the beginning of a war over the future of … of Poland. The memory of World War II remains potent across Europe, especially for Poles, and conditions the way many … World War, wrote “In 1914 the war began with enthusiasm. Soldiers were mobbed and garlanded with flowers. They left for …