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… ten historical moments help us understand the long and complicated relationships Catalunya has had with Spain as … to Spanish and French, known as Catalan. 2. Catalunya: A Medieval Borderland Miniature of Charlemagne and four Muslim … Franks, evolved one of the earliest parliamentary bodies in Europe, the corts of Catalunya, which wielded a great amount …

… What is the afterlife of an old communist statue? Just what to do with all the Soviet-era monuments in eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 has been a … 2011, residents of Sofia woke up to find the Soviet army soldiers reincarnated into American comic and pop art figures ( …

… he could have destroyed the Soviet Union. For Buchanan, Communism, with its rejection of free enterprise and foreign … on as a bulwark against the spread of the doctrine through Europe.” Kennedy knew about the attitudes of the British … One of these influential isolationists was Martin Dies, the Texas congressman who chaired the House Unamerican …

… Hitler created the opposite of what he intended to accomplish by invading the Soviet Union. Instead of destroying … any hope of a victory, he created a political vacuum in Europe. Germany lay in ruins. France, Britain, Italy, the … of Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union will eventually die out. But in terms of historical cause and effect, 60 …

… There were only two kinds of people in most of early-modern Europe to whom an ordinary person could turn for help when confronted with life’s more … “North Berwick Witches” tried with her is exceptionally complex, involving politics, religion, magic, and conspiracy …

… escalated into a catastrophic world war that shattered Europe’s political stability and left 10 million dead. In … invasion, the Iraqi military could engage in house-to-house combat or terrorist attacks against U.S. troops in Baghdad … warfare. “We’ll be home for Christmas!” shouted the soldiers as they boarded trains for the front. The blinkered …

… or “Old Town,” is relatively new. This area had to be completely rebuilt after its destruction during  World War … it is estimated that anywhere from 18,000 to 25,000 people died during this attack. The Fürstenzug, or Procession of … that led to its reconstruction. It cost about 180 million  euros  in total to rebuild the church, and the process was …

… four years of Nazi occupation. Following a week of guerilla combat between Resistance fighters and the occupying German … Fourth Infantry Division. The following morning, General Dietrich von Choltitz, the German military governor and … ancillary to the main Allied objective: ending the war in Europe as quickly as possible by compelling the surrender of …

… began in 1789, changed the face of modern politics across Europe and the world. It overturned the longstanding French … human and civil rights to modern political practice. It also helped to usher in modern nationalism and nation-states. … by historians, depicted by artists and celebrated by common people. In 1880, the French chose to make the …

… and legacy. Women, on the other hand, struggled to comes to terms with their infertility in large part because … to explain the occurrence of infertility. For example, she points out that many of the behavioral causes of infertility … of women continued to rely on ‘kitchen physic,’ or remedies made at home with widely available ingredients. Her …

… “If our bombs are so ‘smart,’ how come they’re always hitting refugees, … the Kurds. So why are we so interested in Kosovo? Are European politics and lives more important than those of the … Europe … Kosovo … Kosovo: The Lessons of History? …

… and exploration. Naturalist Johann Gmelin (1709-55) was so captivated by the industrial sites of “Catharinenburg” … to and from Siberia in 1734 and again in September 1742, commenting from Nev’iansk: “I had little interaction with … plants of the twentieth. The Urals made Russia into Europe’s primary iron exporter in the eighteenth century, as …

… citizens a means to imagine their nation as the savior of European civilization against the genocidal German invaders. … Glory, at Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia. The monument commemorates those who died defending the city 1942-1943. In the twenty-first … Europe …

… will honor the thousands of American and other Allied soldiers who gave their lives there in 1944. As Americans … policies now causing so much trouble in Iraq. When it comes to remembering World War II, Americans should be more … Americans, the French also commemorate all fronts of the European war. During the Cold War, members of the large …

… to Byzantium , Herrin relates a story of two builders coming to her office after passing it daily to ask her what … culture. It was in constant dialogue with Western Europe, but ruled over the eastern half of the … Empire. Byzantium fulfills some of our ideas about the Medieval period, with political and religious influence …

… been regarded in western scholarship as a pious call to European knights for military pilgrimage to Jerusalem at the … would send out a call throughout western Christendom for soldiers to come to Alexios' aid by appealing to the western … limitations, and may certainly wish to dispute individual points of Frankopan's argument along the way. It is worth …

… that the War had on Russian society, making three major points. First, the War highlighted and intensified the … In February 1917 , the legacy of collective militancy combined with general economic crisis to produce a general … against the monarchy. On February 27, some 170,000 soldiers engaged in a mass mutiny. The mutiny proved decisive, …

… sad watching a powerful political figure overstay his welcome. Helmut Kohl, German chancellor for sixteen years, has … Sept. 27, German voters opted for Gerhard Schrôder and the Social Democrats over Kohl and his coalition of Christian … a Germany very much in line with his ideas about the European and world situation. Adenauer seemed the …

… nineteen, published the gothic novel Frankenstein. It has become a classic of English literature. Title page of the … her father William Godwin was a leading enlightenment philosopher, her mother Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer English … her feverish story: ten days after her birth her mother died from puerperal fever, at seventeen she eloped with …

… 24, 1917, Bolshevik Red Guards began to take control of key points in the Russian capital—railway stations, telegraph … given the senseless slaughter of millions of soldiers during the First World War, the October Revolution … sent to the Civil War, 1919. Combatant countries throughout Europe during the First World War had increased state …

… a substantial number of whom made up the 800,000 white European settlers (known as pieds-noirs ) who fled Algeria … That paper, simply entitled “Declarations Drawn up in Common Agreement,” was signed in a town on the French side … to be domestic disturbances by terrorists. French soldiers patrol the hills above Souk Ahras, Algeria (1958). On …

… of the German Army moved out of their encampments and into combat. It was the beginning of a war over the future of … of Poland. The memory of World War II remains potent across Europe, especially for Poles, and conditions the way many … World War, wrote “In 1914 the war began with enthusiasm. Soldiers were mobbed and garlanded with flowers. They left for …