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President Theodore Roosevelt helped solidify conservation as a national agenda item along with preservationist John Muir.

Executive Conservation

Review of Presidents and the American Environment, by Otis L. Graham, Jr. (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015)
… I was lucky enough to grow up on the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. To thethe American Environment arrives at a perfect moment, one when conservatives have launched a state-by-state effort to …
Pledging his support, President George W. Bush talks via telephone to New York Governor George Pataki and New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani.

Wilson and Bush: Unready Internationalists

… over what is fast becoming a foreign policy disaster. The war in Iraq is a quagmire. The Iraqi constitution faces … the United States’ role in the world, President-elect Bush was that man. Like Wilson before him, Bush cannot be blamed … policy will save us from having to toss a policy together when events intervene. The failures of Woodrow Wilson and …
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… and women be revered and seen as a conduit to God, or are they polytheistic distractions that turn Christians away … discusses actual literature about the saints. Hagiography was written both to celebrate the saints and to provide … miracles. The closest he comes to this is in chapter nine when he writes, “Either these miracles really took place or …
Depiction of General Scott capturing Mexico City during the Mexican-American War.

Getting Away from the “Quagmire” Cliché

… Many Americans look no further into their past than the Vietnam War for instructive … on which to draw in the case of Iraq. The Vietnam War was fundamentally different from Operation Iraqi Freedom. It … political action, we must look elsewhere in our history. When American troops left Mexico in 1848, they left it in …
Escobar: Paradise Lost, directed by Andrea Di Stefano

2/6/2015: At the Movies: Escobar

… Escobar: Paradise Lost is the directorial debut of Andrea Di Stefano, who also wrote … the United States via Panama. By the early 1980s, Escobar was a millionaire, the head of the powerful Medellín Cartel, … who had been reading to his children from The Jungle Book when Nick calls, answers that, like the hero Mowgli, one …
soldiers patrolling in Iraq

The U.S. Invasion of Iraq, 10 Years Later

… do we—and how should we—remember this war? Tactically, it was one of the most successful military operations in history, but many … took place precisely during the “Surge” campaign in Iraq , when U.S. troop levels were at their highest. — All photos …
Miklós Horthy, Hungarian regent, and Adolf Hitler in 1938.

Hitler’s Gamble with Destiny, 1941

… Sixty years ago, in August and September of 1941, the fate of the world appeared to hang in the balance. Adolf … the Soviet Union.  The German invasion of the Soviet Union was probably the most important event of World War II. There … because we see more clearly the kind of world we live in when we understand how that world came to be. Michael …
a can of Spaghetti-Os

Spaghetti in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

… Have you ever met someone who has skinned their own SpaghettiO? On May 12 th , 1965, Donald Goerke … that can fit on your spoon/Uh Oh, SpaghettiOs”) every piece was in place for this circular pasta to become a staple of … fresh over great distances and for long periods of time. When the war ended, companies unloaded new foodstuffs as …

The Shifting Terrain of Latin American Drug Trafficking

… In June 2011, the non-governmental organization Global Commission on Drug … of methamphetamines. Yet, this contemporary arrangement was not always the case. The production, trafficking, and … Bolivia. During the colonial period (1532-1825), Spanish bureaucrats and elites largely viewed the consumption of …

Las raíces del estado de fallido venezolano

… el poder y eliminar los controles sobre su proyecto socialista:  manipuló la composición de los tribunales a su … a  Origins  de más en América Latina:  Colombia and the FARC ;  Cuba and the U.S. Reengage;   Inflation and Argentina ;  Rethinking …
A photograph of Viola Desmond

Remembering Viola Desmond

… In 2018, the Canadian $10 bill had a new face. Viola Irene (Davis) … Black Canadians stood up to racial segregation. Desmond was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia on July 6, 1914, into a … in court the next day without legal representation. When Desmond took the stand, she explained to the Magistrate …
John D. Rockefeller in 1914.

Bill Gates — Another Rockefeller or Another Ford?

… Penfield Jackson has ordered Microsoft broken in two, and the appeal has gone to the Supreme Court. Why is Microsoft … passed 110 years ago this month. That "charter of freedom" was designed to protect the core American value of free … The pace of business takeovers speeded up in the 1990s, but whenever one large corporation sought to acquire another it …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… and respirators. It is a world we are not prepared for. The biomedical, sanitary, and technological advances of the … to open air passages in the throat and lungs. Jeffreys was so deeply committed to climate’s role in disease that he … masks proved effective in stopping the spread of infection when used by doctors. Cloth was used for makeshift masks …
The flag of the World Health Organization, founded in 1948, flies over the WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

Tuberculosis and the Optimism of Biomedicine

The three decades or so after World War II witnessed thethe postwar push to control infectious disease was tempered by the reality of the fragile public health … that TB could be wiped off the face of the earth. When people finally accepted that TB “was no longer a social …
Caricature of President Nixon in 1970.

Patrick J. Buchanan: a Populist, Not a Conservative

… will soon receive his party's $12.6 million, thanks to the Federal Election Commission, which ruled in a recent 5-1 … watched sadly as their candidate, Barry Goldwater, was beaten soundly by what they viewed as a liberal … of George Wallace. Wallace denounced "pointy-headed bureaucrats" and liberalism in general. Buchanan today does …
Cover of A History of Iran Empire of the Mind by Michael Axworthy.

Iran for Beginners

Review of A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind, by Michael Axworthy (New York. Basic Books. 2008)
… For several years, Iran has been at the center of international attention because of its … has endured multiple invasions by either men or ideas, and was thus never a tightly unified or a culturally or … the regime that included different groups such as liberals, socialists, students, and religious scholars. Axworthy also …
Secretary of State John Kerry continued his meetings in Lausanne with Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif. Under Secretary Wendy Sherman and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz are participating in the meetings.

Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy

… Over the course of the past year international negotiators have … met periodically in Vienna in an attempt to accomplish what was long considered a near-impossible task. Once again they … by comparing it to having “a friend who swallows us whenever he gets hungry.” Indeed, independence, …
Vicente Fox Quesada

Will Fox be a Mexican Jefferson?

… internal warfare and repeated U.S. military interventions, the PRI, the Spanish acronym for the Institutionalized … candidate elected on July 2, Vicente Fox Quesada, was cautious and not so populist as to alarm entrenched … a precedent. If Fox manages to sidestep the dinosaurs of bureaucracy, and if the PRI will abandon its strongholds of …
Dian Fossey with mountain gorilla.

Dian Fossey: Conservationist in the Mist

… In the 1960s, famed paleontologist Louis Leakey challenged the … gorilla with an almost idealized image of a gorilla that was intelligent, family-oriented and peaceful. 1984 … invested we should become in their lives. However, when Walter Kronkite announced the murder of Digit by …
Washington Receiving a Salute on the Field of Trenton by John Faed, featuring Blueskin.

Does Experience Really Help?

… Jimmy Carter. That's a pretty small group. Two have used up their two-term constitutional limit as presidents while the … Joe Biden's similar decades have merely made him merely a "Washington insider" apparently (although he too is a … administrative or political or foreign policy expertise. When each faced an unprecedented situation, he had the
Palais de Beaulieu

The Theological Third Way in Latin America

Review of A Gospel for the Poor: Global Social Christianity and the Latin American Evangelical Left, by David C. Kirkpatrick (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019)
… “Therefore go, and make disciples, baptizing them in the name … obeying his commandments—among the most important of which was to love one’s neighbor (Matthew 22:39 NIV).  Cold War … mandate for biblical social justice.  For example, when discussing the Micah Network, made of numerous …
The Trials of Laura Fair by Carole Haber Book Cover.

A Woman Scorned?

Review of The Trials of Laura Fair: Sex, Murder, and Insanity in the Victorian West, by Carole Haber (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2013)
… Books with words like “sex,” “murder,” and “insanity” in their titles promise a level of excitement and intrigue … Fair’s case did not neatly fit the framework. Laura Fair was not the outraged spouse protecting the honor of her … the moral mythology of the United States and were evoked when convenient with little regard for the truth. In The
Advertisement of an upcoming land sale by the United States Department of the Interior in 1911. The Interior Department published many similar advertisements to encourage white settlers to purchase "excess" reservation lands.

The Dawes Act

… Until the late nineteenth century, tribal nations across the … in which they resided. Indeed, the land allotment scheme was in one sense a project of social engineering , grounded … Chief of the Cherokee Nation had shown that “there was not a family in that whole Nation that had not a home of …