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A portrait of U.S. Brig. Gen. William “Billy” Mitchell, who advocated for air power in the 1920s.

Rumsfeld Must Modernize U.S. Armed Forces

The recent terrorist attacks on New York and Washington … a large standing military for much of its existence. When the United States went to war, it quickly demobilized …
Seen in 1986 with Ford Island in center. The USS Arizona Memorial is the small white dot on the left side above Ford Island.

Pearl Harbor Myth Poses Dangers

… Just a week after the terrorist attack on the United States, National Security … just as the history of United States – Japanese relations was too often forgotten. According to the myth, America was … prophecy: “There’s not going to be an end date when we’re going to say, `There, it’s all over with’.” …
A Jewish menorah, which is used during Hanukkah.

How Hanukkah Became the Jewish Christmas

… It’s Hanukkah time again. The annual rite allows Christians to pay lip service to … embrace of a festival that, despite its secular trappings, was fundamentally Christian. But parents couldn’t deprive … fruit salad,’ a composition of cream cheese and fruit that, when molded, resembled a menorah.” By the late ’50s, …
A bison in Yellowstone National Park.

Why the Buffalo Still Roam

There’s an undercurrent of despair and even hopelessness in … and industrial opposition — were the buffalo saved? There was no silver bullet, but rather a confluence of critical … poacher’s grisly handiwork — six slaughtered buffalo. When Forest and Stream published the photos, the resulting …
Hurricane Elena photographed from Space Shuttle Discovery, September 1, 1985

Rough Weather Ahead

Review of Sea of Storms: A History of Hurricanes in the Greater Caribbean from Columbus to Katrina, by Stuart B. Schwartz (Princeton University Press, 2015)
… Hurricane Elena was responsible for the best meal I had as a college freshman. The 1985 … scientific understanding of hurricanes started around 1700 when people began precisely measuring and formulating … Review of Sea of Storms: A History of Hurricanes in the Greater Caribbean from Columbus to Katrina , by Stuart …
A woman voting in the early 20th century.

Could We Postpone the Election — Even If We Wanted To?

… During the last four weeks, the Election Assistance Commission, the … Day. In 2000, roughly one-third of the electorate in Washington state cast ballots by mail. A substantial number … reasons. The commission should set clear criteria for when and how an election should be postponed. It also should …
The Beatles, upon their arrival at Kennedy International Airport in New York City on February 7,1964.

“I Want to Hold Your Hand”

… “I Want to Hold Your Hand” by the Beatles was released in the United States on December … reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 a week earlier. When it was displaced from that position in mid-March, by …
Vice President Walter Mondale speaking with President Jimmy Carter.

Why the Vice-Presidential Nominees Will Be Presidential

… Unlike many of their predecessors, this year’s vice-presidential candidates won’t be chosen primarily because they’re from a large state or to balance the ticket’s … choice can be critical — as Jimmy Carter learned in 1976 when Mondale’s vice-presidential campaign helped the
US president Bill Clinton and Chinese leader Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House, October 29, 1997

The Next Cold War?

… How do cold wars begin? The question is becoming more than academic as the Bush … the like called for difficult decisions. No single dispute was big enough, in itself, to cast the die for or against … for getting into a cold war no longer hold up, especially when weighed against the consequences. We know from past …
Greek troops with a machine gun during the war

The Greco-Turkish War

… One hundred years ago this month, the Greco-Turkish war erupted. The war resulted in the … Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros. The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned among the Allies, with all powers … Greek troops to the coast. The Great Offensive concluded when the revolutionary forces entered Smyrna and the city …
American flag fluttering in the breeze.

War Without End Brings Endless Dangers

The policy of President Bush and his administration appears … many informed observers doubt that the Iranian government was responsible for the recent arms shipment to Palestine. When faced with a dubious and partisan “endless enemies” …
school girls in class - Studying biology and physics from English textbooks presents challenges in understanding the material but is necessary because their state examinations will be in English.

A Postcard from Pakistan: Girls Education in Gilgit-Baltistan

… In the warm early autumn months of 2019, I visited Northern … a village with 500 registered female residents. While I was there, I met Raji Ahmed, a tour operator catering to … biology, English, math, physics, and Islamic studies. When I walked into their classrooms, they were shy to answer …
In order, India’s Indira Gandhi, Pakistan’s Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and Bangladesh’s Mujibur Rahman

After Midnight

Review of Midnight’s Descendants: A History of South Asia Since Partition, by John Keay (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
… Midnight’s Children features a memorable adventure through the jungles of the Sundarbans, in whose labyrinths of … and later Bangladesh stem directly from Partition, which was hasty, chaotic, and left many problems unresolved. After … versions of history and have turned violent, as when protestors demolished the sixteenth-century Babri …
illustration of Prince George IV

Unspoken Anxiety or Vivid Metaphor?

Review of Itch, Clap, Pox: Venereal Disease in the Eighteenth-Century Imagination, by Noelle Gallagher (New Haven: Yale, 2019)
… Noelle Gallagher writes that fear of venereal infection was “lurking around every corner” in the Britain of the long 18th century (1660-1800). Unspoken … and not a medical history. The four chapters, especially when read as comprising two thematic arguments about the
“Aux amateurs de physique.” Likewise portraying the Tuileries flight, this cartoon mocks the unwashed masses who wished to see the spectacle without a ticket, but the scaling of the garden walls also illustrates how the balloon as a “people-machine” ignited the determination of the poorer, disempowered social strata to overcome restraints imposed on them by the authoritarian regime.

Public Perceptions: Ballooning and Political Culture

Review of The Imagined Empire: Balloon Enlightenments in Revolutionary Europe, by Mi Gyung Kim (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016)
… On December 1, 1783, an immense crowd gathered on the grounds of the Tuileries Palace in Paris to … to different people across the social spectrum, the balloon was a concrete example of abstract values which came to … however, for readers to follow her train of thought when she does not sequentially explain her reasoning. A …
Cover of A Decade of Upheaval: The Cultural Revolution in Rural China by Dong Guoqiang and Andrew G. Walder.

The View from the Countryside

Review of A Decade of Upheaval: The Cultural Revolution in Rural China, by Dong Guoqiang & Andrew G. Walder (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021)
… According to official accounts from the Chinese Communist Party, “The ‘cultural revolution,’ which lasted from May 1966 to October 1976, was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest … that shaped the conflict in Feng County. For example, when the first study classes in Beijing ended in May 1970, …
Admiral William D. Leahy in 1944.

Hiroshima: Military Voices of Dissent

… Almost six decades after the fact, the 1945 unleashing of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima … of one mind in believing that the use of the atomic bomb was unquestionably the right decision at the time.  Relayed … to the question of what soldiers in the Pacific believed, when the relevant historical question is what decisionmakers …
This 1878 engraving shows the chaos at the scene of the Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre

… On the night of March 5, 1770, a man and a British sentry … This event, popularly referred to as the “Boston Massacre,” was a turning-point in relations between American colonists … of Bostonians the threat of British military occupation. When tensions began to rise again in 1773 and 1774 with the
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… and women be revered and seen as a conduit to God, or are they polytheistic distractions that turn Christians away … discusses actual literature about the saints. Hagiography was written both to celebrate the saints and to provide … miracles. The closest he comes to this is in chapter nine when he writes, “Either these miracles really took place or …
President Theodore Roosevelt helped solidify conservation as a national agenda item along with preservationist John Muir.

Executive Conservation

Review of Presidents and the American Environment, by Otis L. Graham, Jr. (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015)
… I was lucky enough to grow up on the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. To thethe American Environment arrives at a perfect moment, one when conservatives have launched a state-by-state effort to … Review of Presidents and the American Environment , by Otis L. Graham, Jr. (Lawrence, …
Pledging his support, President George W. Bush talks via telephone to New York Governor George Pataki and New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani.

Wilson and Bush: Unready Internationalists

… over what is fast becoming a foreign policy disaster. The war in Iraq is a quagmire. The Iraqi constitution faces … the United States’ role in the world, President-elect Bush was that man. Like Wilson before him, Bush cannot be blamed … policy will save us from having to toss a policy together when events intervene. The failures of Woodrow Wilson and …