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In 2014, the debate about the underlying causes of "long, hot summers" remerged with the high-profile police killings of Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, Eric Garner, and others.

Long Hot Summers and Separate Societies

Review of Separate and Unequal: The Kerner Commission and the Unraveling of American Liberalism, by Steven M. Gillon (New York: Basic Books, 2018)
… Do the police reify inequality by targeting low-income communities of color or are they the “thin blue line” … both the causes of the riots and proposing ways to avoid future uprisings. The twelve-member Commission represented … Review of Separate and Unequal: The Kerner Commission and the Unraveling of American Liberalism , by …
The famously burly W.G. Grace was one of Britain's most famous cricket players who stood out from the crowd with both his imposing career and his imposing facial hair.

A Long History of Close Shaves

Review of Of Beards and Men: The Revealing History of Facial Hair, by Christopher Oldstone-Moore (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016)
… ancient Mesopotamian history. The bearded warrior kings and completely shaven priestly classes established a clear … Ages evolved into the Renaissance , the history of beards becomes far more tangled.  Influential figures like Henry VIII … opens the door for a great deal of further development by future publications. While his foundational assertion that …
Photo of the World Trade Towers after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.

The End of a “Safe America”

… buildings and a section of the Pentagon, on Sept. 11. Commentators have noted that the terrorists picked their … And when that style involves our shooting at others it becomes particularly problematic. U.S. warships lobbed shells … any other country in the world. Consequently, we ourselves come close to being a belligerent nation. It is time that we …
Cover of Wounded Knee Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre by Heather Cox Richardson

Where Our Hearts Are Still Buried

Review of Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre, by Heather Cox Richardson (New York: Basic Books, 2010)
… asked Big Foot, leader of the Minneconjou Teton Sioux, to come to Pine Ridge Reservation with his followers in hopes … east of Wounded Knee Creek. On the following morning the soldiers attempted to disarm the Indian camp. A shot rang out as one man refused to give up his gun and the edgy soldiers opened fire. At least 150 Sioux men, women, and …
1866 cartoon by Daumier, L’Equilibre Européen, representing the balance of power as soldiers of different nations teeter the earth on bayonets.

Democracy by Force, or by Example?

… Spreading democracy has become the nation’s principal foreign policy goal. Yet there … one member said, should have nothing to do “with the wrongs committed by other Governments against those whom they …
Caster Semenya at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Woman, Man, Neither? The Predicament of a World-Class Runner

… mortifying and disgusting imperfections.”   Intersex bodies have always aroused suspicion. But many people’s … in authority have assumed that those born with atypical bodies were dishonest and fraudulent (say, in illegally voting … go either way. All it took was the parents’ unwavering commitment toward raising either a boy or a girl, and this …
Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England, by Juliet Barker Little, Brown and Company book cover.

Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England

Review of Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England, by Juliet Barker Little, Brown and Company (New York, 2006)
… successful, effort to draw the reader in to the late medieval mindset prevalent among the nobility at the time, … this ability to immerse herself in the late medieval point of view is both a strength and the primary … unalloyed sense of justification: She announces that the outcome of the battle of Agincourt showed "God had chosen to …
An image of the castle in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Orlando.

Banning Harry Potter

… too crude for refined readers. Twenty years later, critics complained that the characters were poor role models. By the … evil. Harry’s true magic is that he is empowered by his compassion and tolerance of others.   Potter’s antagonists … Harry Potter may rival Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield to become one of America’s most banned boys. Elizabeth D. Schafer …
Moskvitch 3 vehicles roll off the assembly line at JSC Moscow Automobile Plant Moskvitch, 2022.

Sanctions on Russia: Impact and Efficacy

… damaging sanctions against the Russian state, its companies, and its citizens. The sanctions were intended to … one of the most visible effects of sanctions to date, major companies left Russia. Multinational giants such as … armored vehicles. In another instance, the engines of Bombardier light off-road vehicles were found in the Iranian …
American Anti-Slavery Society, 1837

Revisiting Long Histories of the Reparations Debate

Review of Reparations for Slavery and The Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History, by Ana Lucia Araujo (New York City: Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2017)
… enslaved Africans generated tremendous wealth for an elite community of slave owners, slave traders, and political … enslaved individuals and their descendants petitioned for compensation, recognition, and material support, known today … for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History chronicles the history of the …

"Merchants of Death": The International Traffic in Arms

… employed them in operations to deliver weapons to various combatants in Africa. By his own admission, he had flown … a long line of efforts on the part of the international community to control and restrict the arms trade. In one … surplus of the Soviet bloc that unpaid or underpaid soldiers and commanders were only too eager to sell for ready …
Muslim depiction of Muhammad - 17th century Ottoman copy from the "Edinburgh codex".

Iraq, Too, Must Separate Church and State

… strife between Sunnis and Shiites within your great community of Islam weakened the entire civic and social … and Methodists and nonbelievers in their midst, from becoming part of the federal Constitution. They firmly … the Americans was their capacity to unite in dealing with a common problem. The expectation that patriarchal authority …
A "bucket brigade" works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001.

United We Stand? The Unequal Costs of Mobilization

… from new opportunities. But the patriotic fervor that accompanied wartime mobilization meant that unions were … who were a key part of the economy servicing this center of commerce. But, like the firefighters turned away from Ground …
Lyndon Johnson greets American troops in Vietnam 1966.

A Curtain Call for the Domino Theory?

… Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy. If Vietnam fell to the Communists, they argued, so too would the rest of Asia. … and Russia. Afghanistan therefore demands a heavy American commitment, although the degree to which that commitment should be military is open to debate.   President …
Ronald Reagan toasting at a State Dinner during his presidency.

Behind the Reagan Myths, a Mediocre Presidency

… number of letters that prove he was no dummy. A historian’s complaint, however, is larger than chagrin at the number of … nation to alter its perceptions, values and policies. The comfortable old ways will no longer do. Reagan had an … 1972 National Commission on Population and the American Future, and the 1980 report, Global 2000) had arrived at …
Zombie scene from the 1968 film, Night of the Living Dead.

Top Ten Origins: Zombies: The Undead Shuffle

… on brains. Undead and not quite living, where do zombies come from and why are they here? The story of our … macoutes “behaved with the complete immorality and obedience of the undead, and were sometimes assumed to be … of control and unstoppable. 10. Are there Zombies in our Future? A contemporary crowd dressed up as zombies. In …
Wall street and Broadway, New York City

A New Deal Prescription for Gordon Gekko

… resonated strongly in the 1980s, because they reminded audiences of the behavior of Ivan Boesky and other … investments broadly through risky buyouts of disparate companies. Often they stuffed their pockets with cash while … they attempt to design new legislation that will dissuade future Gordon Gekkos from acting in ways that can hurt …
The FBI’s finely tuned image as a scientific, fact-driven investigative force, cultivated in images like this, often overshadowed how the Bureau’s priorities on issues such as homosexuality were shaped by popular fears rooted in homophobia.

G-Men, Gays, and Government

Review of Hoover’s War on Gays: Exposing the FBI’s “Sex Deviates” Program, by Douglas M. Charles Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015.
… licenses to gay couples represents an example of the often complex relationship between government officials and … For example, Charles’s third chapter contains three case studies about prominent gay, or allegedly gay, individuals to … emerged during World War II. One of these case studies centers on Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles, a …
The Norwegians Land in Iceland 872 by Oscar Wergeland (1877).

Why We Love the Vikings

… ties were also immensely important, for one often needed community support at the assembly to win a legal case. Thus, … was not the first one to do so, his work found a captive audience: the Victorians loved Vikings.  In previous … transformed into that of a noble ancestor that embodied freedom and self-reliance. It’s easy to see why the  …
Print of a tar and feathering in Boston from1774.

Economic Justice — in the Streets

… public interest. Neither did Whitewater in the 1990s. Commentators can’t decide whether Americans are too complacent, too desensitized or too patriotic right now to … treatment for transgressing the boundaries of legitimate commerce. But by the end of Adams’s life in 1826, …
American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century, by Kevin Phillips book cover.

American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century

Review of American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century, by Kevin Phillips New York: Viking, 2006
… helped inspire. Like Nixon in late 1969, the author has become immensely disillusioned with America's leadership class … state of politics in the American Republic. Having become a strong critique of the Bush dynasty in recent years, … According to Phillips, as fundamentalism gained a wider audience it played a more vocal role in shaping the parameters …
Soldiers in Kosovo

Kosovo: The Lessons of History?

… “If our bombs are so ‘smart,’ how come they’re always hitting refugees, hospitals and … but if we listen carefully, their voices convey a sense of compassion, coupled with disappointment. Often stereotyped … point may have contained some logical consistency, I was uncomfortable with the implications of an argument that could …