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Mikhail Bakunin speaking to members of the International Workingmen's Association at the Basel Congress in 1869.

Back When a Socialist Was a Socialist

… During the vice-presidential debate of 1988, Republican nominee Dan … evenly, “Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy; Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you’re no Jack Kennedy!”   When Republicans singled out Barack Obama’s income-tax …
Cover of Conspirator: Lenin in Exile by Helen Rappaport.

Conspirator: Lenin in Exile

Review of Conspirator: Lenin in Exile, by Helen Rappaport (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2010)
… with two planners, were hanged.  One of those executed was Aleksandr Ulyanov.  Conspirator:  Lenin in Exile , by Helen Rappaport, describes the personal … in the south of Paris.  Then, in the summer of 1912, when an upsurge in workers' protests led to a momentary …
The Works Progress Administration employed some Spanish-Americans from New Mexico, as seen here, to work in road gangs.

When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America

Review of When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America , by Ira Katznelson (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2005), preface, appendix, index, 238 pp.
… It can occasionally be a difficult issue to finesse. I was presiding over a classroom of about twenty undergraduate … students, trying desperately to moderate a discussion on the legacies of the civil rights movement. It started the … extensively on urban politics and liberalism, his new book, When Affirmative Action Was White (2005), jumps into the
Communards with flags

The Socialist Legacy in France

… Patrick Potyondy interviews historian Alice Conklin about the history and mass appeal of socialism in France . ( Image … France. But you argue for a sense of historical perspective when it comes to evaluating the election. What is France's … So at the moment of liberation in France in 1946, there was a real commitment on the part of people who'd been in …
US Marine Corps during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003.

“Operation Mississippi Freedom”: When State-Sponsored Terrorism Was American

… At a time when the president of the United States has the nation involved … a trial now underway in Mississippi takes us back to a time when state-sponsored terrorism existed in the United States. … had been tried a century before, in the 1860s. The result was more than a half million people killed. Slavery ended, …

What We Talk About When We Talk About Confederate Monuments

… Jason Kessler, a former journalist and current member of the ultra-nationalist group the Proud Boys, planned a “Unite … face down the hundreds of torchbearers,” according to the  Washington Post . The white nationalists circled the counter … of a covered Robert E. Lee statue in Charlottesville, VA. When police finally arrived, the violence had already begun. …
President Nixon signing a bill in 1972.

When Congress Failed to Stop the Vietnam War

… Although polls show that two-thirds of the American public thinks that the war in Iraq is a … president wishes to continue. This institutional limitation was demonstrated thirty-five years ago when Congress tried to stop President Nixon’s bombing of …
Pledge of Allegiance plaque

When Congress Tampers with the Court’s Independence

… By a lopsided margin, the U.S. House has approved a bill to prevent the Supreme … involving the Pledge attracted much attention two years ago when a federal appeals court ruled that the phrase "under … The most explicit exercise of such congressional authority was at the end of the Civil War. Then, the clash between …
Bust of Senator Robert La Follette in the Wisconsin State Capitol.

When Principle May Be the Best Policy

… Many Democrats are wringing their hands over the defeat of Sen. Joseph Lieberman, whose … with the enemy and even with betrayal is hardly new. When Wisconsin’s Republican Sen. Robert La Follette blocked … his own party. During the peak of the pro-war frenzy he was spat upon in public and burned in effigy. But even …
An art exhibition, probably in Moscow in 1964. Taken by Thomas T. Hammond during his travels in the Soviet Union.

When the Soviets Domesticated the West

Review of To See Paris and Die: The Soviet Lives of Western Culture, by Eleonory Gilburd (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018)
… up to Western culture. The 1957 Moscow Youth Festival was a revelation for citizens of a country with sealed … and creativity” to places far beyond Moscow and Leningrad via radio and print. While cultural works traveled … Diplomacy/International Relations … Intellectual History … When the Soviets Domesticated the West …

Big-time Bureaucratic Brouhaha

… This lesson plan helps students recognize how the government affects their everyday lives and ponder what … while showing them the differences between a capitalist and socialist economy. They experience first-hand the … you can add the  presentation  to your library. … Big-time Bureaucratic Brouhaha …
Portrait of General Winfield Scott.

When “Sensitivity” Has Opened the Road to Victory

… sensitive” war on terrorism. Cheney told a Dayton, Ohio, gathering on Aug. 12 that none of America’s victories in war … MacArthur. It turns out that Cheney is dead wrong. It was their very sensitivity in conducting war that made … record also reveals the baseless nature of Cheney’s claim. When Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia surrendered …
A teacher and her students in an elementary school classroom.

When a Good Public Education Becomes a Constitutional Right

… California has something to offer the nation as it comes to terms with last month’s Supreme … the class-action suit claimed that the State of California was denying thousands of California students their … right to a meaningful education. Ever since the 1840s, when the United States began building public education …
President George W. Bush in 2004.

When the Axis Was Truly Evil

… President Bush’s widely publicized reference in his State of the Union address to an “axis of evil” has frightened and … … Diplomacy/International Relations … World War II / WWII … When the Axis Was Truly Evil …
A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street after its fall in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Who Will Pay for Iraq and When?

… In all the heated words about the Iraq war, we’ve heard little or … although the number of people earning $2 million then was minuscule. To pay for World War II, Congress expanded … the Vietnam war. The most impressive wartime financing ever was by President Bush’s father, George H. W. Bush, in the … … U.S. Laws and Legislation … Who Will Pay for Iraq and When? …
a sales display of many zippers

Who Should You Thank When You Zip It Up?

… -who Should You Thank -when You Zip It Up? It wa~ ~ late Augus:, 1893 that American inventor Whitcomb Judson first received the patent for hls clasp-locker. Today, after years of … your sleeping bag without it. In its beginning, the zipper was conceived as a replacement for the long button-hooked …
Cover of The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire by Raymond Jonas

When Ethiopia Stunned the World

Review of The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire, by Raymond Jonas (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2011)
… This is the story of a world turned upside down. So begins The … at Yorktown. As much as the victory by the colonials was a rebuke to conventional wisdom so the battle of Adwa was to European attitudes towards Africans during the Age of … … Italy … Military/War/Peace … Ethiopia … When Ethiopia Stunned the World …
Aftermath of the al-Qaida bombing at the U.S. Embassy in Tanzania in 1998.

When America Was Considered a Rogue Nation

… Because we forget that the United States was once considered a rogue nation … … Nicaragua … Terrorism … Middle East … Saudi Arabia … When America Was Considered a Rogue Nation …
Cartoonist Clifford Berryman depicts Uncle Sam after a hard-won U.S. victory in Santiago Bay, Cuba during the Spanish-American War.

What Happened When We Stayed the Course in Cuba

… seeking to alter course, Americans may wonder why the president remains so determined. They should look to the … consider the case of Cuba. From 1898 to 1959, America was steadfast in Cuba – and the result was disastrous. Much … … Military/War/Peace … What Happened When We Stayed the Course in Cuba …
The Slave Trade by Auguste Francois Biard (1833).

When Free Trade Meant Something Else

Review of Not Made by Slaves: Ethical Capitalism in the Age of Abolition, by Bronwen Everill (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020)
… 2019 was an important anniversary year, not only in the history of the United States but also for the genesis of … … Economics/Business/Trade … Early Modern … Slavery … When Free Trade Meant Something Else …

Socialism Takes Over France, Again?

… Two minutes after the polling stations closed, we knew the winner. France has … top of the head appeared on the screen, the people's choice was instantly recognizable: in a record voter turnout (80%), … rival. And another victory quickly followed a month later when the Socialists and their allies also won an absolute …
Lenin waving flag in front of crowd of workers and soldiers

From Romanovs to Reds: Russia's Revolutions at 100

… months later in October, Bolshevik forces led by Vladimir Lenin seized power, establishing the world's first state … for other revolutionary movements in the world. It was the first attempt to build socialism and the Marxist … of vision for how the modern world could be created. And when that became tremendously popular mean, by the time we …
Albert Bierstadt, Mount Corcoran, c. 1876-1877, oil on canvas

Silent Spring Revolution, a Conversation with Douglas Brinkley

… his new book, "Silent Spring Revolution," which chronicles the rise of environmental activism during the Long Sixties … in the Nevada desert and the Marshall Islands. Not only was nuclear fallout a public health menace, but entire … for me to be in this building. And I've had flashbacks when I'm in Dulles of conversations with Warren Van Tyne and …
Tiger

Caged: Humans and Animals at the Zoo

… make headlines for controversial reasons such as in 2016 when the Cincinnati Zoo shot and killed a gorilla after a … And the purpose of these menageries at its very origin was to display not only animals, but power and wealth with … interesting history and trajectory. The history of the Leningrad and Moscow Zoos and World War Two is particularly …