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Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia By Spencer Tyce Book Cover.

Natural Laws and Predatory Lending for 3000 Years

Review of Beggar Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… law, for instance, usury is now accepted as a standard accompaniment to the modern market economy. Indeed, one of … of debt in banking in the nineteenth century, the ease of credit acquisition in the twentieth century, and the establishment of credit to nation states and their origins.osu.edus overseen …

(Fore)Closing on the American Dream

… like my parents, are not at risk because they have good credit, can afford the monthly payments, and live in an area … lucky. Their ability to afford their monthly payments was compromised first by the falling market, then by mortgages … practices. These efforts were important in advertising credit rights and educating borrowers. However, policies …
The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris, 1944, by Michael Neiberg Book Cover.

How the Sun Rose Again on the City of Light

Review of The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris, 1944, by Michael Neiberg (New York: Basic Books, 2012)
… with collaborationist neighborhoods, areas of union and communist strength, and the German headquarters district. As … leaders such as de Gaulle and Philippe Leclerc, the commander of the first French division to land with the …
President Richard Nixon

Republican Character

Review of Republican Character: From Nixon to Reagan, by Donald T. Critchlow (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018)
… to argue that "principled pragmatism, the ability to compromise while maintaining core principles, is essential … defined them. Chapter One examines Richard Nixon and the complex story of a man remembered for the naked, amoral … His arrogance did not do him any favors nor did his liberal record as governor of New York: coupled, they made his …

The American Dream after COVID-19

… changes to the United States and around the world at record speed, from tragic illnesses and deaths to the … already been showing up in recent history. Millennials have come of age hearing they are the first generation in … and enslaved African Americans lived with the cruelest opposite of the American Dream. Their abilities brought sneers …
Soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad

Stalingrad at 75, the Turning Point of World War II in Europe

… of the Second World War began. More than four million combatants fought in the gargantuan struggle at Stalingrad … over France, Poland and others, Hitler and the German High Command ( Oberkommando des Heeres , or OKH), were confident … possible actions against cowardice. On the 14 th I shot the commander and commissar of one regiment, and a short while …
A gay march in Minneapolis on June 30, 1973, the first in the country with the headline "Gay Pride".

Homosexuality and Prohibition

… protection for gays?  Perhaps the same impulse — the same combination of religious fervor and fear of social collapse … has been replaced by a crusade against demonized sex.  This comparison is not as far-fetched as it might seem. In a 1998 … Leader Trent Lott made a similar connection when he compared homosexuals to alcoholics and other addicts. He …
Antichristus, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder: the pope depicted as the Antichrist, using his temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler.

The Bible as a Political Tool

… The 5,280-pound monument of the Ten Commandments installed by the Alabama Supreme Court Chief … all intents and purposes, Hebrew (in translation of course) comes a close second.   Moore’s claim that the Ten Commandments form the basis of American law will not stand …
The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

A European Future for NATO?

… France is rejoining military NATO, the United States is becoming more distant. This may be the best way the United … France would no longer participate in NATO’s integrated command and that NATO military headquarters and U.S. … is pushing to reintegrate France into NATO’s military command. Sarkozy has accurately pointed out that it makes no …
Hubert Robert's 1785 painting "Fire in Rome," showing the events of 64 CE.

The Ancient Roman Origins of Government Disaster Response

… In the face of disasters we have come to expect that our governments will respond. … with advisors, reassuring people, often visiting the site of the disaster or a relief center—usually wearing a … Iucundus, Pompeii. Even Nero’s detractors had to give him credit for his response to this disaster. The only modern …
Indian bicycle troops are pictured at the Somme in 1916

The Amritsar Massacre

… civilians in Punjab were shot by British soldiers under the command of the now infamous “Butcher of Amritsar.” British … public gatherings. In this way, the British Raj could take credit for bringing democracy to India while cracking down … Nehru and his son Jawaharlal, and a man who would soon become very well known—Mohandas K. Gandhi. In 1919, Gandhi was …
The military cemetery for U.S. personnel killed during World War II in Nettuno, Italy.

A Day for Remembering — and Accepting Responsibility

… ago, on May 30, 1945, by Lt. Gen. Lucian K. Truscott, Jr., commander of the Allied Fifth Army in Italy. Truscott was … account of Gen. Truscott’s speech at Nettuno is the best record we have of that day. He recalled the general taking …
Three 10th Mountain Division Ski troopers above Camp Hale in the Pando Valley, Colorado in February, 1944.

Skis, Samba, and Smoking Snakes: An Unlikely World War II Partnership

What happened when glacier-goggled American ski troops and samba-loving Brazilian soldiers fought side-by-side halfway across the world?
… in a stalemate with Axis troops north of Rome. With a commanding view of the narrow approach to the Po River … and held ceremonies to thank and decorate U.S. Fifth Army commander General Mark W. Clark and his American IV Corps … entered combat.” When it comes to the Brazilian combat record in Italy—especially in the months-long trial-by-fire …
Cover of Song of Wrath The Peloponnesian War Begins by J. E. Lendon.

A Time For War

Review of Song of Wrath: The Peloponnesian War Begins, by J.E. Lendon (Basic Books, New York, 2010)
… chapter two by the motivations and actions that led to the coming of the Ten Years' War. In chapter three, Lendon … in the political dimension. If one Greek state gave a command to another, this usually implied that the commanded was inferior to the commander. Yet if the state …
A painting of the Rubicon scene from the mid-nineteenth century: Gustave Boulanger, Jules-César arrivé au Rubicon.

Julius Caesar Crosses the Rubicon

… Gaul, or today’s Emilia Romagna—the statesman and accomplished general Julius Caesar crossed the little Rubicon … which ended with Caesar’s victory—and enabled Caesar to become, essentially, the sole ruler of the Roman state . … ancestors, but that enabled his adopted son Octavian to become the first emperor of the Roman Empire. Considering what …

America's "Big Brother": A Century of U.S. Domestic Surveillance

… by any other intelligence agency,” especially as telecommunication technology advances. Perhaps surprisingly, … each year, which, in an era of paper and magnetic tape records, led to a serious problem with materials storage. … thus began “active measures” against King, seeking to discredit him by portraying him as an Uncle Tom figure beholden …
Demolition of the former Penn Station concourse raised public awareness about preservation.

Choking Off Our Past

… the Lower East Side Tenement Museum in New York City to Acoma Sky City in New Mexico. NTHP activists are gathering in … current efforts aimed at protecting the Apollo 11 landing site and 106 pieces of equipment left at Tranquility Base on … they didn’t know they were creating humanity’s first recorded off-world archaeology site. That Tranquility Base …
Opening ceremonies of the 1896 Olympics

Revival and Reinvention: the Olympic Games, Athens 1896

… 1896, participants from 14 countries converged on Athens to compete in a festival that was simultaneously ancient and … archaeological excavations revealing the Games’ original site at Olympia on Greece’s west coast only strengthened … festivals were staged in Athens in 1859, 1870 and 1875. The site of the stadium at Olympia, the permanent site of the …

From Baghdad to Kabul: The Historical Roots of U.S. Counterinsurgency Doctrine

… the benefit of the clear military or geographic objectives common to more conventional wars. This lack of knowledge … since its birth. A familiarity with the historical record is essential to understanding the wars our nation is … only changed after the Tet offensive in 1968 when the new commander of Military Assistance Command-Vietnam, General …
President George W. Bush addressing Congress in 2001 with Vice President Dick Cheney and House Speaker Dennis Hastert standing behind him.

Wartime Powers: Lincoln’s Restraint, Bush’s Excess

… War to defend their position. Then and now they argue, the commander-in-chief during wartime has an obligation to place … power, and it’s up to Congress to safeguard them. To their credit, legislators on Capitol Hill have recently taken a …
An AIDS testing site in Moscow, 1987.

The Blame Game: The USSR’s Response to HIV/AIDS

… for the virus and denied the possibility of extensive community spread among the Soviet population—offers a … official number had grown to around 565. An AIDS testing site in Moscow, 1987. The number of infected was initially low in comparison to the USA, where the virus was spreading more …

The Amazon Rainforest under Threat

… became the top trending hashtag on Twitter after the combination of smoke from Amazon forest fires, a weather … a predictable fire in a church that is a World Heritage Site and wants to teach us what exactly?” The Bolsonaro … Poorly compensated, they were usually paid in goods or credit rather than cash and became indebted to rubber …