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portrait of Shevchenko by Ukrainian artist Ilia Shulha, titled Taras Shevchenko Returning from Exil by Boat.

Taras Shevchenko, Poet of Ukraine

Taras Shevchenko is not just the founder of the modern Ukrainian literary language, he is also the most important symbol of modern Ukrainian nationhood.

Who's not to Blame in the South Korea-Japan Spat?

… this statement for a rousing pep talk to the South Korean national soccer team moments before it took the field … included a hasty division of the country itself. The Soviet Union occupied the north while the United States occupied …
Portrait of Aung San Suu Kyi.

Burma’s Hope Imprisoned

… over its name. In 1989, Burma’s military rulers appealed to nationalist sentiment by adopting the name “Myanmar” for … a name adapted from local usage, but it hasn’t won international recognition because the regime is an international outlaw in flagrant violation of human rights. There …

Conflict Termination: How to End -- and Not to End -- Insurgencies

… units (as states or nations) . Webster's Third New International Dictionary , unabridged (Springfield, … Indochina. In a diplomatic settlement that speaks more to Soviet and Chinese ambivalence about an independent, … by their departure and the chaos that resulted from it. The Soviets in Afghanistan Finally, we have the Soviet
President Theodore Roosevelt helped solidify conservation as a national agenda item along with preservationist John Muir.

Executive Conservation

Review of Presidents and the American Environment, by Otis L. Graham, Jr. (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015)
… with prairie dog holes and duck marshes. Rocky Mountain National Park was less than two hours away, as was Pawnee National Grassland. I took countless trips to both and many … public lands across the nation in the service of the national public good—is the focus of Otis L. Graham, Jr.’s …
American W84 warhead from the 1980s.

Nuclear Arms Control – Now, More than Ever

… attack. The source of this threat has changed from the Soviet Union to terrorist groups. Yet what hasn’t changed is the … … William Lambers … History News Service … Global/Transnational … Nuclear Power & Weapons … Cold War … Russia … …
Illustration of global public health by Giovanni Maki, 2004.

The WHO and International Public Health

… from the history of the WHO about the importance of international cooperation in the promotion of  public health . … material support (especially from the United States and the Soviet Union) in the form of vaccines, materials, and money.  …

Are Women People? The Equal Rights Amendment Then and Now

… women attained the vote in 1920. Paul and her allies in the National Woman’s Party (NWP) pointed out that more than … legal protection, not legal equality. Women’s groups, labor unions, and others representing female factory workers had … Lady Eleanor Roosevelt with members of The Women’s Trade Union League in New York in 1958 ( bottom ). In 1940, the …

A Century of U.S. Relations with Iraq

… the evolution of U.S. interests in a rapidly changing international context. I. Genesis of U.S.-Iraqi Relations, to … The onset of the Cold War raised fears in Washington about Soviet expansionism into the Middle East and generated a … neutralism in the Cold War and flirted with the Soviet Union and other communist states. It also sought political …

Feminism in Egypt: New Alliances, Old Debates

… Islamic and Islamist—overthrew Mubarak and dismembered his National Democratic Party (NDP). The Supreme Council of the … al-Ittihad al-Nisa’I al-Tahdhibi (Women’s Refinement Union), Jam’iyat al-Raqy al-Adabiyah li-al-Sayyidat … Girls”). The Colonial Encounter and the Egyptian Feminist Union The ideological situation grew more complex when …
North College Hill, Ohio, USA, Memorial Day parade, 2004, by Rick Dikeman.

A Vanishing American Remembrance?

… General Order 11 establishing May 30 as Decoration Day at national cemeteries to honor soldiers who died in service. Gen. Logan's order spoke only to honoring Union soldiers' sacrifices. Former Confederate states … and families of Confederate soldiers buried in Arlington National Cemetery were not even permitted to visit the grave …
Albert Bierstadt, Mount Corcoran, c. 1876-1877, oil on canvas

Silent Spring Revolution, a Conversation with Douglas Brinkley

… would hit the road. And we would particularly aim to go to national parks, state parks, monument wilderness areas. It … in the Ohio Brotherhood and Carpenters of America Union Book, wrote an essay for and that's really how I got … impact statements. Nixon did it. Nixon's State of the Union of 1978 was about a third on the environment. Earth …
Logo for "Canada 150".

Canada 150: Coming Home

… and tagged “Colonialism 150.” This is the trouble with a national anniversary in a colonial state: it brings the … struggling Maritime Provinces. The net result is a basic national standard for schools, infrastructure, arts, and … Canada’s transfer payments are bested by the European Union’s Regional Policy that dedicates a full one third of …

The Fate of the Kurds

… rooted in ancient ethnic hatreds, but in modern ideas of nationalism as they emerged in the late 19 th and early 20 … of which were intended to counter the rise of competing nationalisms in the empire. The state sought to tighten its … and authoritarian wing of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress—CUP, the main Young Turk party—came to …

America's "Big Brother": A Century of U.S. Domestic Surveillance

… The potential of the National Security Agency (NSA) “to violate the privacy of … private Pinkerton detective agency that had supplied the Union with intelligence during the Civil War and spent … A hunt for communists ensued, driven on by fear of the new Soviet regime, which emerged in November 1917. In 1919, a …
Ronald Reagan toasting at a State Dinner during his presidency.

Behind the Reagan Myths, a Mediocre Presidency

… His role in ending the Cold War was less important than the Soviet Union’s collapse from internal strains. He was a political … change. In 1933, his New Deal projected a change in the national government’s role in regulating and balancing the …
A "bucket brigade" works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001.

United We Stand? The Unequal Costs of Mobilization

… 11 fighting each other in the streets of New York City. Unionized firefighters scuffled with police officers. … site, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani urged the firefighters’ union to cooperate with his downsizing of the search for … Zero? When the mayor of New York tells firefighters who are nationally celebrated as heroes to listen to his authority …

Syria's Islamic Movement and the 2011-12 Uprising

… constituencies of the umbrella opposition group, the Syrian National Council (SNC), are staunch non-Islamists. Two weeks … Party. The regime also cultivated closer relations with the Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic and the other …

The Amazon Rainforest under Threat

… policies and demanding protection of the Amazon. International attention focused on the fires, the majority of … fired Ricardo Galvão, the director of INPE, Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research, who defended the … highest total in 10 years. In the face of a torrent of international criticism, Bolsonaro blamed NGOs and …

The Other Half of the African Sky: Women’s Struggles in Zimbabwe

… of the country's economic allies, including the European Union and the United States, withdrew aid and levied … impoverished. For this, the country's officials blame international actors. President Obama is not convinced, seeing … Mugabe, then a leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), further elicited female support for the war …
A memorial dedicated to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War (1941-45) in Yaroslavl.

From Kulikovo Field to Kursk: Russia’s Forever War

Review of Russia: The Story of War, by Gregory Carleton (Cambridge, MA and London: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2017)
… St. Basil’s Cathedral. Nearby, a row of monuments honoring Soviet “Hero Cities” for their sacrifices in the Second … does it permeate Russian culture. The panoply of enduring national myths and symbols prominently displayed in Moscow … 1941, earning it the title of “Hero Fortress” of the Soviet Union. Consequently, Dmitry Donskoy’s victory against the …
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, shakes hands with a US Air Force general officer prior to his departure from the United States

The Need to Talk with Iran

… turbulent Middle East. The United States and the European Union favor placing Iran before the United Nations Security … States negotiated with its most potent adversary, the Soviet Union. President Eisenhower, with the leaders of … History News Service … Middle East … Iran … Diplomacy/International Relations … International Organizations … The Need …

A New View of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: From Needs and Narratives to Negotiation

… the Balfour Declaration, promising to help establish a “national home [in Palestine] for the Jewish people.” Arabs … Arabs to date. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, international sympathy for the Zionist endeavor grew, and the … its victory over Iraq and with the simultaneous decline of Soviet influence, the United States gained new credibility …