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Holding a copy of ”Selected Works of Mao Zedong," Red Guards are featured on the cover of a Guangxi elementary school textbook, 1971.

"Mao's Last Revolution": China's Cultural Transformation

… the reinstatement of political control via revolutionary committees supported by the military. The Cultural … leadership adopted a decision on the Cultural Revolution, one that was published in the newspaper the following day. … October 1976. The resolution acknowledged the period’s tragedies and called them mistakes, laying blame at the feet of …

Treating the Symptoms: Northern Ireland’s Incomplete Peace

… that, 17 years after its inception, remains stubbornly incomplete. On the positive side, the Belfast Agreement … April 10, 1998) has produced a functioning government, one that effectively represents both of Northern Ireland’s … party and joined the Irish Free State as Fianna Fail (“Soldiers of Destiny”). This new party kept Irish nationalism as …
Artifact from Benin

Who Owns the Past? Museums and Cultural Heritage Repatriation

… In November 2018, a report commissioned by French President Emannuel Macron called for … speak with two experts in material culture and museum studies — Professor Sarah Van Beurden and Origins editor Steven … York Times reports that the Musee Quai Branly in Paris alone holds over 70,000 SubSaharan African objects. Last year …
Three 10th Mountain Division Ski troopers above Camp Hale in the Pando Valley, Colorado in February, 1944.

Skis, Samba, and Smoking Snakes: An Unlikely World War II Partnership

What happened when glacier-goggled American ski troops and samba-loving Brazilian soldiers fought side-by-side halfway across the world?
… in a stalemate with Axis troops north of Rome. With a commanding view of the narrow approach to the Po River … forgotten: The fact that during its Italian odyssey, its soldiers fought as joint-combatants with an unlikely set of … as an honor guard for homebound Brazilian soldiers. One participant recalled how each American called to the …
Nationalist police forces in Barcelona preventing voting in the October 1, 2017 referendum.

Top Ten Origins: Catalonia (Catalunya) and Spain

… ten historical moments help us understand the long and complicated relationships Catalunya has had with Spain as … to Spanish and French, known as Catalan. 2. Catalunya: A Medieval Borderland Miniature of Charlemagne and four Muslim … the Arab invaders back, maintaining the region as a buffer zone between the Franks and Muslims. In 801, Louis the Pious, …
The Taras Shevchenko monument in Borodyanka, Ukraine damaged by the Russian attack, April 2022.

Taras Shevchenko, Poet of Ukraine

… occupation in early April, 2022 they discovered the damage done to its Taras Shevchenko monument. Bullets had hit the … history of the Cossacks for Ukraine. The freedom they embodied became a potent inspiration for Ukrainian readers. His … was, but we should keep this as it is now.” Learn More: The Complete Kobzar: The Poetry of Taras Shevchenko. Translated …

Taiwan's 2008 Elections: A New Direction for the 'Other China'?

… administration to a single-party system ( yidang duda or "one party rule") similar to the sort that had preceded the … is not quite as large as Massachusetts and Rhode Island combined. It is also the second-most densely populated … and a Leninist party structure in 1924 (the year before Sun died), the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership ran a …
ELAS Guerrillas, 1943

The Greek Civil War, 1946–1949

… The years 1940–1949 were ones of continuous horror for the Greek people. When the … If eight percent of the population of seven million had died or been killed during WWII , the Greek civil war (GCW) … coups d’état and dozens of governments. Although Greek communists had been a serious threat to all Greece’s …

NATO's New Order: The Alliance After the Cold War

… as “multinational, to make clear that an attack against one ally is an attack against all allies, and that the … and dangerous, amplifying the sense of tension and competition across Europe and strengthening the sense of … the Western alliance. Clinton pushed a new partnership embodied in the NATO-Russia Founding Act signed in May 1997, …
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, by Judith Herrin Book Cover

Byzantium for Dummies

Review of Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, by Judith Herrin (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008)
… to Byzantium , Herrin relates a story of two builders coming to her office after passing it daily to ask her what … Empire. Byzantium fulfills some of our ideas about the Medieval period, with political and religious influence … book Byzantium . Herrin should be applauded for this goal alone, for trying to bring something so broad as Byzantium …
Cover of the Measure of Earth The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World by Larrie D. Ferreiro

Figuring Out the Shape of the World

Review of Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World, by Larrie D. Ferreiro (New York: Basic Books, 2011)
… The process of surveying is a very repetitive one requiring an almost obsessive attention to detail, a commitment to exacting measurements, and above all a patient … of territory in small 20 foot segments, it does not strike one as the most suitable subject for an exciting story. …
Title page of the first edition of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, 1818.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

… nineteen, published the gothic novel Frankenstein. It has become a classic of English literature. Title page of the … a leading enlightenment philosopher, her mother Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer English feminist who defended the … her feverish story: ten days after her birth her mother died from puerperal fever, at seventeen she eloped with …
President Ronald Reagan during an interview in 1988.

Marking a Tragic Anniversary

… crippled by the walkout, President Ronald Reagan issued one of the most important statements of his presidency. He … confrontation, we live in a nation much different from the one over which Reagan presided. The Cold War is no more. The … legacy with which Americans will sooner or later have to come to terms: today we live in a society of greater …

From Gaza to Jerusalem: Is the Two State Solution under Siege?

… demands to inspect the cargo they carried, and Israeli navy commandos boarded the vessels before the boats pulled into … the geography of the conflict has shifted, never staying in one place for too long, and involving ever-shifting … and this interpretation finds support in close studies of the diplomacy of the late British Mandate period. To …
Photo of William Colby

Casting the Long Shadow of the CIA

Review of Shadow Warrior: William Egan Colby and the CIA, by Randall B. Woods (New York: Basic Books, 2013)
… William Colby has become a more or less forgotten figure in the turbulent … Vietnam. The South Vietnamese regime headed by Ngo Dinh Diem was problematic from the American perspective. Because … motion. In the aftermath, a full-blown war was not a foregone conclusion, but that was the way it worked out in 1964. …
Person holding sign that reads "Stop Voter Suppression"

From Poll Taxes to Partisan Gerrymandering: Voter Disenfranchisement in the United States

… to include many more citizens since 1776, these gains have come haltingly and unevenly. Even as women gained suffrage, … voter suppression continue to affect electoral outcomes today? Listen in to find out. To learn more about the … right has not been fully honored. Lauren Henry  You've mentioned both the role that the federal government and states …