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The Taras Shevchenko monument in Borodyanka, Ukraine damaged by the Russian attack, April 2022.

Taras Shevchenko, Poet of Ukraine

… his family and members of his nation. He painted Ukrainian national landscapes and historical sites in an album he … that briefly led to the first-ever independent Ukraine, the Soviet state tried to co-opt the idea and legacy of … of peoples.” Statues of Shevchenko were built in the Soviet era, including the well-known one in the center of …

Socialism Takes Over France, Again?

… on a silver screen in hues of red, white and blue (the national colors). The two contenders in the run-off for … the center-right incumbent, Nicolas Sarkozy, leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). "Sarko," as he is … every lever of political power—the presidency, Senate, National Assembly, and most of France's 22 regions and …

Charles Darwin’s American Adventure: A Melodrama in Three Acts

… one sort or another in 45 countries according to the International Darwin Day Foundation website. Born on February 12, … American education because of another form of it. After the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite, and thus took the lead …
2006 map of North Korea and South Korea.

Applying the Antarctic Solution to the Korean Nuclear Impasse

… an achievement during the early years of the Cold War. The Soviet Union, only four years earlier, had rejected Eisenhower’s … Korea … South Korea … Arctic/Antarctic … Diplomacy/International Relations … Applying the Antarctic Solution to the …
Refugees crowded emergency trains leaving to India or Pakistan c. 1947-1953

India-Pakistan Partition

… followed, with Jawaharlal Nehru representing the Indian National Congress Party and Mohammad Ali Jinnah serving as … of the Muslim League. Representative of the Indian National Congress and first Prime Minister of India … Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( right ). Whereas Jinnah called for a national homeland for Muslims, whom he feared would be …
Person on horseback faces line of police and military vehicles

Native Sovereignty and the Dakota Access Pipeline

… sovereignty have been threatened. Additionally, by sub national and supranational groups. Regional governments, like the state of … ways in which indigenous sovereignty is threatened by supranational groups. So such as multinational corporations, …
Zaporizhians by Józef Brandt, unknown date.

The Cossacks, Ukraine’s Paradigmatic Warriors

… army has proven itself mighty and tenacious to an international community that may have previously thought them … and historical accounts over the centuries.  The Ukrainian national anthem, whose lyrics were written by Pavlo Chybynsky in …
Demolition of the former Penn Station concourse raised public awareness about preservation.

Choking Off Our Past

… and Preserve America programs and cuts funding for National Heritage Areas by 50 percent. Those are the hardest … be preserved. Overseeing these efforts is essential.   The National Trust for Historic Preservation is one organization … of the country’s history. It is responsible for preserving national artifacts in addition to maintaining dozens of …

Outdoing Panama: Turkey’s ‘Crazy’ Plan to Build an Istanbul Canal

… pleasure craft, but Russian oil tankers protected by international agreements as they carry crude on the only sea … also moved closer to its goal of membership in the European Union than under any of his more secular predecessors. Yet, … policy instead drew the ire of an increasingly powerful Soviet Union and the Straits became integral to Cold War …

A Pact with the Devil? The United States and the Fate of Modern Haiti

… the burgeoning nation diplomatic participation in the international political scene. The Birth of U.S. Foreign Policy … reduced, France forced Haiti to pay an annual fee for its national sovereignty for nearly 100 hundred years—from 1825 … hope for the end of American slavery, but also prompted the Union government to finally extend diplomatic recognition to …
Washington Receiving a Salute on the Field of Trenton by John Faed, featuring Blueskin.

Does Experience Really Help?

… the true intent of American spying incursions into the Soviet Union after that nation's capture of Francis Gary Powers, … — defying the Supreme Court, uprooting Indians, killing the national bank. But if military experience is no guarantee of …
Rosie Castro with her sons, Joaquín, left, and Julián, April 23, 2006 (ZUMA Wire/San Antonio Express-News/Helen L. Montoya)

No Julian Castro without Mother Rosie Castro

… Latinos and Latinas were adequately represented on the national stage by both major political parties. At their … National Convention, Raza Unida activists held their own reunion in El Paso, Texas, to commemorate the 1972 national … In 1989 activists held a national Chicano Activists Reunion in San Antonio, which was attended by iconic leaders …

Frenemies: Iran and America since 1900

… Shah, and established the Pahlavi dynasty. A hard-headed nationalist, Reza Shah tried unsuccessfully to seize control … British forces pulled out of Iran on schedule, but when the Soviets refused to honor the March 1946 deadline, President … from Iranian Prime Minister Ahmed Qavam that the Soviet Union would have access to oil fields in northern Iran. The …
Ali, left, walking through the streets of Kinshasa in 1974.

The Rumble in the Jungle

… image began to turn decisively away from “divisive black nationalist” and toward “broadly popular American … gold medal at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City over Soviet boxer Jonas Cepulis, he celebrated in the ring with a … leader, Patrice Lumumba , was regarded as pro-Soviet by the U.S. and Belgium; he was deposed and executed, …
ELAS Guerrillas, 1943

The Greek Civil War, 1946–1949

… Greek resistance movement that fought the occupation—the National Liberation Front (EAM)—and its guerilla units—the … support in Greece itself, their putative ally, the Soviet Union, had other fish to fry. In an agreement (unknown to …
Valerie Plame in 2008.

A Dirty–and Deadly–Trick

… to investigate or even denounce this serious breach of national security. In the long list of presidential misdeeds … they may have been, but no former administration betrayed national security and put the lives of American agents in … have sought political gain through an illegal breach of national security. The least damaging but most sensational …
Tanks and soldiers in parade in Pyongyang

North Korea: The Myth of a Hermit Kingdom

… Hwang, a lecturer at The Ohio State University in International Studies Department and a faculty member in Korean … access to over the last decade or so, with the fall of the Soviet Union, we started to get access to North Korean government …

Colombia: On the Brink of Peace with the FARC?

… 26, 2016, in Cartagena that will then be voted on in a national plebiscite. The FARC is the largest guerrilla group … to the formation of a new political party, the Patriotic Union (UP/ Unión Patriótica ), which became an electoral … at the party and its allies. The flag of the Patriotic Union (UP). Right-wing paramilitary violence against the UP …
migrants walking down a road

Defining Refugees: 1921 and 1951

… these refugees from others seeking to move across international borders, and why is it important to identify … provide a standard definition of refugee status within international law. According to the new Convention, a refugee was … fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or …

Refugees or Immigrants? The Migration Crisis in Europe in Historical Perspective

… and intolerance. It has strained the unity of the European Union , sparked debate about the difference between Western … from poverty) is difficult but important because international law treats these two categories of people … more xenophobic that the rest of Europe? Are the former Soviet bloc countries unable or less willing to cope with …
The logo for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

Genocide and Justice in Rwanda

… The logo for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. On September 2, 1998, … conviction for the crime of genocide was entered by an international tribunal. The date is an essential milestone in the … development of criminal responsibility imposed by the international community for the commission of mass atrocities. …