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How Public and Private Enterprise Have Built American Infrastructure

… of the above plus highways, the Internet, and interstate banking. The American capitalist system is a mixed economy, … support through establishing a legal system, encouraging banking expansion, and offering direct and indirect subsidies … private investment came from Europe, especially the United Kingdom.) An 1855 lithograph of the Erie Canal at Lockport, …

The Ukrainian Crisis: In Russia's Long Shadow

… and the eruption of separatist insurgencies in Russian-speaking regions of eastern Ukraine. Sanctions imposed on Russia … and confusions about Ukrainian identity centuries in the making. Ukraine, Russia, and History Ukrainian-Russian … Ukrainian, but would expect the Ukrainian to switch to speaking Russian and not the other way around. Assimilation is …
Liu Bang, or Emperor Gaozu of Han

Liu Bang, from Peasant Rebel to Emperor

… posthumous histories of his reign . This process of myth-making was initiated by Liu Bang himself upon his ascension to … (“Sir Liu” and “Madam Liu”). They were farmers, working the rice paddies that stretched out from the Yellow … to execute the other. Liu Bang narrowly avoided his own assassination and fled with his army. Four years later, in …
Photo of Eugene V. Debs from 1900.

Let’s Hear It for the Losers!

… could beat the depression-plagued Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren ("Little Van, the Used-Up Man"). They were … votes. There are other ways of counting losers besides looking at the final outcome. Some candidates in American …

A New World Order? Africa and China

… Abdul Nasser of Egypt, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, and King Hasan of Morocco. Africa became a Cold War zone where … in Africa during the first decade of independence. Seeking for ways to compete with the superpowers for control … from the World Bank in the late 1960s to build a railway linking the copper-producing region with the sea in Tanzania. …
The view of Dresden and the Elbe River from the very top of the Frauenkirche.

A Postcard from Dresden, Germany: Living in the Shadow of World War II

… devastation. Located in the heart of the “Old Town,” the Lutheran church of our Lady, Frauenkirche, was one of the … mass influx of refugees from war-torn parts of the globe seeking asylum in Germany. In fact, Dresden and surrounding … hold protests and demonstrations against Pegida. While walking through Neustadt, one sees many signs welcoming …
Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 1562 painting "The Triumph of Death" depicts the turmoil Europe experienced as a result of the plague.

The Black Death and its Aftermath

… took both rich and poor, rural and urban: the daughter of King Edward III of England died of the plague in the summer … its reach, and the poor suffered disproportionately. Strikingly, if a mother survived the plague, her children tended … resource wars—began a search for new ways to the East, making their way south along the African coast, launching an …
Still image from the Movie The Bridge (Criterion Collection).

Top Ten Origins: World War II Films

… monk, decides to bury the dead. In one of the most striking scenes from The Burmese Harp , Mizushima comes upon a … of the film, we learn Alyosha later died in the war, making the journey and its climax all the more moving. 5. Army … in the United States until 2006. 6. Overlord , United Kingdom, Stuart Cooper, 1975 Still from Overlord  (Criterion …

Trade Wars: The Collapse of America's Free Trade Consensus

… so roundly rejected free trade. Yet what is even more striking is that Trump’s opposition to trade agreements appeared … Prize in 1945, the awarding committee summed up Hull’s thinking this way: “High tariffs are barriers obstructing the … right, Cordell Hull, Canadian Prime Minister W.L. Mackenzie King, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the …
This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Native Americans.

Tea Parties Then and Now — A Crucial Difference

… newly elected Democratic president, Barack Obama, began working with Democratic majorities in the Senate and the House … lost to smuggling.   So in May 1773 Parliament passed and King George III assented to the Tea Act, which allowed the … get its taxes, and, because middlemen would no longer be taking a cut, colonists would actually be paying less for …

Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: America's Love Affair with the Two-Party System

… a bourbon in the other, listening for the sounds of a cracking foundation. Karl-Rove-vs.-Tea-Party smackdown ! … winning an election in the first place. Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren were ideal political partners in this new … party period. Roosevelt became President in 1901 upon the assassination of William McKinley. In 1904 , he was …
War News from Mexico (1848).

“Hostilities” and War Powers: Let’s Choose the Constitution

… that, "The provision of the Constitution giving the war-making power to Congress" was predicated on the fact that "kings had always been involving and impoverishing their …  In a democracy, "no one man should hold the power of" embarking on war.   Some Democrats, led by Sen. John C. Calhoun, …
Marker: "90 Miles to Cuba. Southernmost Point, Continental USA. Key West, FL"

Rethinking Cuba Libre

… with the island, in terms of perhaps colonizing or taking control of the island politically. But it wasn't until … which specified that we would not be occupying or taking control of the island. However, we would be able to … and to oppose the inter-American meeting. There was an assassination of a leader in Bogotá that had nothing to do …
US Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., signing the UN Charter on 26 June 1945. President Truman stands by at left (UN Photo/Yould).

The Signing of the United Nations Charter

… its creation was also proof that the United States was taking a more active role in world affairs. The San Francisco … regional authority (the Big Four: the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China). His staff and American …
Secretary of State John Kerry continued his meetings in Lausanne with Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif. Under Secretary Wendy Sherman and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz are participating in the meetings.

Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy

… considered a near-impossible task. Once again they are working to conclude an agreement with the Islamic Republic of … significant historical episodes of the United States working counter to the interests and wellbeing of the Iranian … according to a report published about a week after his assassination by the United States in January 2020, former …
Monica Lewinsky's official government ID photo from 1997.

Another Watergate?

… political opponents; planning a break-in at the Brookings Institution; forging cable messages intended to implicate President Kennedy in the 1963 assassination of South Vietnamese President Diem; exchanging …
Film poster for Pather Panchali (1955).

Top Ten Origins: From Bollywood to Indywood

… languages and its 1962 census recorded residents speaking over 1600 native tongues. It is common to find people … is reflected rather spectacularly in Indian filmmaking. Although the world at large generally equates … but the likes of Akira Kurosawa, Wes Anderson and Martin Scorsese as well. 2. Bhuvan Shome (Bengali, Hindi, …

The Soccer World Goes to South Africa: Sport and the Making of Modern Africa

… and cricket matches: Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. These protests, from the late-1960s into the … costs." Economic impact analyses are often guilty of overlooking the ways in which mega-events siphon off monies in the … to "second-order" events such as the Commonwealth Games (Kingston, Jamaica, 1966; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1998), and …
Space Shuttle Columbia launching

Can We Boldly Go There Any More?

… manned space flight do not object to the goal of people working and living in space but to the great expense. They view …
Here, a bus broadcasts the anti-apartheid message to Londoners in 1989.

Inequality After Apartheid

Review of Apartheid Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit, by Hennie van Vuuren (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019)
… to disrupt any clean break with events before 1994 by asking important questions. Though van Vuuren struggles … France, the Soviet Union, the United States, and United Kingdom, and China. Written in the style of an exposé, … In these, we see both private and public citizens seeking to maintain influence with the then-ruling party. While …
The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris, 1944, by Michael Neiberg Book Cover.

How the Sun Rose Again on the City of Light

Review of The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris, 1944, by Michael Neiberg (New York: Basic Books, 2012)
… Paris' architectural treasures and the local population. An assassination attempt on Hitler by German officers combined …
Muslim depiction of Muhammad - 17th century Ottoman copy from the "Edinburgh codex".

Iraq, Too, Must Separate Church and State

… money to the love of country, Iraq will not develop a working democracy. One of the chief reasons Saddam Hussein was … was only a step away from creating the age-old triad of king, priests and nobles. Beyond the issue of religious … It takes time. Americans know that. They are continually asking themselves, “How do we make democracy work the way it …