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… it was Algeria’s Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN), seeking independence from France, that defined modern terrorism … need not call into question Yasser Arafat’s recent peacemaking moves to recall that for years his Palestinian … civilians while committing some of the world’s most shocking deeds. The constituent groups of Arafat’s PLO pioneered …

… occupation of the Ruhr by Franco-Belgian forces, stoking nationalist resentments.  The economy, already in … The eight-hour workday, a cherished promise to Germany’s working class that stood out as one of the few tangible … through these crises. Just one month later, as “vigilante” assassinations and political violence destabilized the …

… a decaying party and a restive electorate cracked it. The assassination of a PRI candidate in mysterious circumstances … the process of selecting candidates, as opposed to handpicking by incumbent party leaders or cabals. The final …

… (then named Octavian) as his heir, and Julius’s assassination gave the young man an instant spot in the … grain supply, and the maintenance of public works, thus taking on the biggest responsibilities of any government. As … Prima Porta Statue shows a powerful and youthful Augustus making an address. This story is usually told and appreciated …

… city into a state of panic by means of widespread arson and assassination, including the murder of Cicero. With the city … Senate’s advice, put the prisoners to death. Strictly speaking, the executions were illegal (as we are supposing … out a coup d’etat? When Cicero saved the republic by breaking the law, he had every reason to believe that he would …

… EU member, has stepped up to help its smaller, Romanian-speaking neighbor during this time of crisis. Bucharest has … until the mid-1800s.  Prior to this Romanian national awaking, the people who make up modern Romania and Moldova … his rule.  The union, however, soon collapsed with the assassination of Prince Mihai by a treasonous Habsburg …

… altogether. One of these influential isolationists was Martin Dies, the Texas congressman who chaired the House … for a pre-emptive attack on Britain and France before making war on the eastern front. And his impatience for …

… Producing Vaccines in the Lab Louis Pasteur photographed working within his laboratory, undated. Later in the nineteenth … to Vaccines: Treating Diptheria This poster from the United Kingdom, circa 1960, advocates diphtheria immunization. … In 2014, public health workers in Pakistan working to immunize people from polio were murdered by …

… Not only did Johnson reach the Oval Office following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, but he … politics has its own logic and grammar. Even lacking a crisis abroad, a president can ultimately overcome …

… its famous bar and helped himself to several dozen dry martinis. The residents of Paris throng the streets to greet … everyday French citizens and the active support of high-ranking French officials and prominent elites like fashion … residents? Disillusioned with Hitler and the war? Looking to save his own reputation and avoid Allied prosecution …

… safety was endangered. Lincoln countered by citing “Luther v. Borden,” an 1849 case, in which Taney himself …

… of the above plus highways, the Internet, and interstate banking. The American capitalist system is a mixed economy, … support through establishing a legal system, encouraging banking expansion, and offering direct and indirect subsidies … private investment came from Europe, especially the United Kingdom.) An 1855 lithograph of the Erie Canal at Lockport, …

… and the eruption of separatist insurgencies in Russian-speaking regions of eastern Ukraine. Sanctions imposed on Russia … and confusions about Ukrainian identity centuries in the making. Ukraine, Russia, and History Ukrainian-Russian … Ukrainian, but would expect the Ukrainian to switch to speaking Russian and not the other way around. Assimilation is …

… posthumous histories of his reign . This process of myth-making was initiated by Liu Bang himself upon his ascension to … (“Sir Liu” and “Madam Liu”). They were farmers, working the rice paddies that stretched out from the Yellow … to execute the other. Liu Bang narrowly avoided his own assassination and fled with his army. Four years later, in …

… could beat the depression-plagued Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren ("Little Van, the Used-Up Man"). They were … votes. There are other ways of counting losers besides looking at the final outcome. Some candidates in American …

… devastation. Located in the heart of the “Old Town,” the Lutheran church of our Lady, Frauenkirche, was one of the … mass influx of refugees from war-torn parts of the globe seeking asylum in Germany. In fact, Dresden and surrounding … hold protests and demonstrations against Pegida. While walking through Neustadt, one sees many signs welcoming …

… took both rich and poor, rural and urban: the daughter of King Edward III of England died of the plague in the summer … its reach, and the poor suffered disproportionately. Strikingly, if a mother survived the plague, her children tended … resource wars—began a search for new ways to the East, making their way south along the African coast, launching an …

… came to be known as the Intifada, from the Arabic for “shaking off”) against Israeli rule, which had been in place for …