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The Ukrainian Crisis: In Russia's Long Shadow

… after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, but what was a new beginning for Ukraine was a loss of empire and … Russia The two children of Kyivan Rus’ met again in 1654, when the Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossacks, located in the … Bolshevik Revolution confirmed for Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin that nationalism was a force to be reckoned with, but …
Nuuk, Greenland skyline with the aurora borealis.

Greenland Fantasies

… interweaves text messages, journal entries, and letters, the reader is shown the lives of five young adults … their way to Greenland from the North American continent, when sea ice formed a passage across the narrow strait at … Greenland reached as many as 3,000 people and the island was heavily involved in European trade. They relied on iron …
19th century engraving showing Wall Street from the corner of Broad Street.

The First Wall Street Bomb

… This past weekend marks the anniversary of what, until Tuesday, was the worst terrorist attack in the history of New York. … That those numbers now seem paltry — statistics from a past when we counted civilian deaths in dozens instead of …
 In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch Book Cover.

In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement

Review of In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
… In the first five years of the present decade, forty-three … schools (231). How is it that a movement that many assume was killed in Dayton, Tennessee eighty years ago continues … if debatable. In the Beginning is certainly at its finest when providing the nitty-gritty details of movement strategy …
Cover of Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China by Ezra F. Vogel.

The Man Who Re-Invented China

Review of Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, by Ezra F. Vogel (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011)
… China in the early 1990s was in a precarious situation. Lingering public resentment … demotion in 1931 during the Chinese Civil War (1927-49), when he was accused of not being "aggressive enough" in … was not his commitment to Marxism, but his appreciation of Leninist democratic centralism. In Deng's view, only an …
Poster that says, "Resist," at a Yale University anti-draft rally in 1968.

The Political Costs of Filling the Ranks

… campaigning, President Bush has a manpower problem. The Pentagon has announced that troop levels in Iraq will … Johnson and Richard Nixon understood this dilemma. In 1965, when Americans had been living with a “peacetime” draft for … in . . . the reserves or National Guard. Consequently, when Richard Nixon took office in 1969, he recognized the
President George W. Bush meets with his cabinet after his re-election.

The Founders Never Imagined a Bush Administration

… Donald H. Rumsfeld, entered office determined to restore the authority of the presidency. Five years and many … liberties and rights guaranteed us under the Constitution. When President Nixon covertly subverted checks and balances … in the interest of "national security." Then Congress was reacting to violation of Fourth Amendment protections …
A protest for nuclear disarmament

We Cannot Afford to Neglect Nuclear Disarmament

… for new nuclear weapons should serve as a wake-up call for the United States. The last thing Americans want to see are … with Russia. During the Cold War, nuclear disarmament was a long-term goal of U.S. foreign policy. President … has the bomb, and Iran may be joining the nuclear club. When one thinks of the horrific scenarios that could emerge …
book cover - Helmut Walser Smith, The Butcher’s Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town

Top Ten Origins: Summer 2019 Must Reads

The perfect companion to nearly any summer activity is a … spurred waves of anti-sematic violence that only stopped when Prussian troops were sent to quell them. Smith’s study … ability of minority communities to coexist peacefully. This was particularly the case in the dismantling of the former …
Cover of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals by David SchefferDavid S

Bringing Evil to Justice

Review of All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals, by David Scheffer (NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)
… After the sledgehammers began breaking down the Berlin Wall on the … At the center of American efforts in these proceedings was international lawyer David Scheffer, now a Professor of … terms "evil." The reader glimpses the forces unleashed when the rule of law disappears or sovereign power permits …
The almshouse at Woburn, Bedfordshire, England

Top Ten Origins: Housing the Poor

… Few things are more expensive than housing. The purchase of a home is the single greatest expense in … abandoned them almost immediately? And what has happened when the poor have taken matters into their own hands? 1. … England The first home for the poor in England was established around 936 CE by King Athelstan. Its …
Image of T2 Atomic Demolition Munition from the 1950s.

The Test-Ban Treaty and the Cold War’s Lessons

When U.S. senators voted to reject the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, they took a giant step … makers recognized that slowing down the nuclear arms race was essential to preserving both international security and …
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was one of the bloodiest in history: 8 million people lost their lives in Europe's deadliest religious conflict.

Secularism, Past and Future

Review of Secularism: Politics, Religion, and Freedom, by Andrew Copson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)
… A few years ago Thomas Jefferson received a demotion from the Texas State Board of Education. The conservative … school curriculum. The reason for this posthumous pink-slip was not that Jefferson was a slave-holder or even that he … the term secularism itself dates only to the 19th century, when it was coined by British reformer George Jacob …
Dynamiters' train in Indianapolis.

Of Bill Gates, Casey Jones, and the Search for Heroes

… One hundred years ago, early in the morning on April 30, 1900, an American hero emerged from … by Engineer's Loyalty to Duty." In fact, the tragedy was of the engineer's making, caused by his own arrogant … trains on time. The New Orleans Special was 95 minutes late when it left Memphis that fateful day, but if anyone could …
 protests by the Yellow Vest movement

France at the Barricades, 1934

… In recent weeks, the Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes ) protest movement has … in France since the Commune of 1871. The Paris Commune was a radical revolutionary government that controlled Paris … far right into the streets, a coalition of communists and socialists turned out in greater numbers on February 9 th …
Senator Fred Thompson at the Chattanooga Summit in 1996.

Back to the Future of Fund-Raising Scandals

… Bill Clinton is not the first president to deal with a fund-raising scandal in … golden ages than about the history of political money. He was no more eager to end the money chase than Clinton is … he had something to testify about. Roosevelt’s scandal hit when a New York State legislative committee looking into the
Immigrant Rights Protest by Betty Tsang, Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

The Federal War on Immigrants Is a War on All Workers

… Bush's immigration reform legislation appears to be dead in the U.S. Congress, but the ground war against undocumented … in worksite raids comes, not coincidentally, at a moment when, despite a growing economy, low-wage workers are … to a jail-like detention center in the neighboring state of Washington. This is not only an immigration issue. It's also …
Jackie Robinson

Top Ten Origins: The World Series

… It’s October, time for that great American pageant: The World Series. The championship series of “America’s … prevented any measure of cooperation. But in 1903, a series was contested to determine the “world’s” best baseball team … White Sox players into conspiring to throw the Series. When the deception was revealed, major league owners created …

Public Debt, Private Wealth: A History of Central Banks

… At the end of 2020, the U.S. government’s debt roughly equaled … virus (late September 2019) an additional $3 trillion was pumped into “unnamed trading houses on Wall Street” by … states, just like kingdoms and empires, flounder and fail when they have chronic and enormous obligations. Debt is a …
1911 portrait of King George V, ruler of the British Empire.

The Risks of Unilateralism

When a nation — the United States — begins to regard itself as "the sole … in the Napoleonic Wars early in the 19th century, Britain was the dominant force in the world. So vast was its reach … until the Boer War in South Africa between 1899 and 1902 when the descendants of Dutch settlers, the Afrikaners, …
The Great Wall of China: Perhaps the greatest collection of walls in human history.

Top Ten Origins: History's Great Walls, Good Neighbors or Bad Policy?

… In the midst of a migration crisis in Europe and strident talk … deep ditch. It is hypothesized that the Wall of Jericho was constructed not only for defensive purposes, but also to … Athens and her ports for farming and transportation. When Sparta would ravage Attica and attempt to draw them …

1989 Twenty Years On: The End of Communism and the Fate of Eastern Europe

… where the word "opposition," unheard of under communism, was expressed publicly; the dismantling of the barbed-wire … economic situation continued to deteriorate, strikes in the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk led to the establishment of … revolution mobilized the population against the regime. When reformers within the Communist Party changed the
The London meeting to discuss NATO military intervention in Libya, March 29, 2011.

Secretary Clinton — Leader or Figurehead?

… accompanied Hillary Clinton’s recent trip to Pakistan. This was a wake-up call in more ways than one. The moment had come for Clinton to act more boldly as the … or the hits. But there may come a day in the near future when her profile sinks too low to recover.   If so, she …