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The Dalai Lama waves to a crowd during a visit to the Netherlands in the 1980s.

Hong Kong and Tibet

… As China completes its takeover of Hong Kong, it should be remembered … spiritual leader, to take actions that made him a little uncomfortable (just as they have already directed Hong Kong’s … companies buy their way into Hong Kong, worried Chinese officials are already starting to crack down on laws that …
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… were an obvious denominational marker. “Part Two: Dynamics” comprises the bulk of the book. In chapters five through … of some pilgrims were not strictly spiritual, and he compares the practice with modern tourism. In chapter … hagiography to discuss sermons about the saints as well as official documents surrounding a saint’s canonization. …
Alfonso García Robles at the Public Hearing on Nuclear Weapons and Disarmament in 1981.

A Model for a Nuclear-Free Middle East

… programs. These recent developments no doubt bring comfort to some. But we can't rest easy. The dangers of … With the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1967, that goal was accomplished. Latin America is now a nuclear weapon free zone. … than those faced in Latin America. For instance, Iranian officials have openly called for Israel's destruction. That …
Two vials of modern insulin named Actrapid (left) and NovoRapid (right) by the manufacturers.

The First Insulin Injection as a Treatment for Diabetes

… a chronic condition that can have serious, life-threatening complications if left untreated. Diabetes is caused when the … date to the ancient Egyptians, over a millennium before the common era . Later, in the second century CE, the Greek … healthier, more than twice her original weight, and had become a shining example of the power of insulin therapy for …
The supreme court of Massachusetts sits at the John Adams Courthouse in Boston.

Gay-Marriage Decision: Just the Beginning of the Debate

… before all slaves in Massachusetts would be set free, the Commonwealth v. Jennison case of 1783 ensured that slaves … by the early 19th century all the Northern states had committed at least to eventual emancipation, slavery’s … and social research and making claims about human nature. Commonwealth v. Jennison and its long aftermath also …
The Kaiser Permanente Building after the Northridge Earthquake in 1994.

California Freeways: Still Seismically Unsafe

… and undervalued, the seismic program was still incomplete almost two decades later when Loma Prieta struck … as the “Cypress Structure” collapsed, killing sixty-four commuters. Unlike most California freeways in 1989, the … (Summer 1993) that was adopted by CalTrans as part of its official report to Congress on the Loma Prieta Earthquake. …
Refugees eating lunch outside the barracks.

Waiting in Limbo: Life as a Refugee in Serbia

… Swat, Pakistan, where he was pursuing a graduate degree in computer engineering. He left seven months ago because he … Europe for years, but what used to be a short-term campsite has become a semi-permanent residence for many who have … new arrivals in Belgrade . Eighty percent of refugees are officially registered and staying in open reception centers, …
the cover of a Captain America comic book

Captain America: Changing Conscience of a Nation

… and artist Jack Kirby in the eponymous Captain America Comics #1 , the patriotic hero became a breakout star for … These dynamic adventures made Captain America an unofficial part of the war effort. His winged visage enlivened … “good war.” Four-color McCarthyism could not pull enough coins from adolescent pockets to prevent the superhero …
Chinese tanks in Beijing in 1989

Honoring China’s June 4th Martyrs

… What can and should members of the international community do to honor 1989’s Beijing martyrs? Not … drew near. Equally unsurprising was the answer most commentators gave: work to make China’s leaders to accept … and other protesters was to force China’s leaders to take official corruption and nepotism seriously, and this is …
President JFK giving an address on civil rights in June, 1963.

A President Who Was Still Growing

… day in Dallas in 1963. In an inaugural address that has become a poignant reminder of the idealism of the 1960s, JFK … in a refreshing spirit of voluntarism by urging citizens to commit themselves to solving the problems of poverty and … public school available, if he cannot vote for the public officials who represent him, if, in short, he cannot enjoy …
Aerial view of Hiroshima before the bombing

Bombing Hiroshima

… its efforts to build atomic bombs after a series of shortcomings and failures convinced its government to focus on a … brought the war in the Pacific to a close, but, as Japanese officials observed at the time, it was a combination of … Istukushima Shrine which is both a UNESCO "World Heritage Site" and less than 30 kilometers from downtown Hiroshima. …
Monument with figures dressed as pop culture figures like Superman, Santa, and Ronald McDonald

1989: The Year That Changed It All

… Talk , hosts Patrick Potyondy and Leticia Wiggins welcome historians  Nicholas Breyfogle and  Theodora … Leticia Wiggins   This is your host Leticia Wiggins and welcome to History Talk , smart conversations about today's … Wiggins. You can find our podcasts and more at our website origins.osu.edu on iTunes and on SoundCloud, and as …
Crucifixion of Saint Peter by Caravaggio (1600, Cerasi Chapel).

Persecuted Christians?

… of the early martyrs are wildly exaggerated, if not completely fictional. But later, better documented deaths … 26 Roman Catholics were crucified in Japan in 1597. Compared with this, a single blasphemous painting seems … Christians in the United States are not allowed to offer officially sanctioned prayer in public schools, a barrier …
Israeli Prime Minister, Levi Eshkol

Six Days That Shook The World

Review of The Six Day War: The Breaking of the Middle East, by Guy Laron (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017)
… administrations that deemed the application of force a welcome distraction from domestic problems. At the same time, … War (1962-1970) at the same time that Egypt’s overextended commitment of troops to North-Yemen’s republicans had … offensive mindset—“Rabin’s Schlieffenplan,” (145) as Laron coins it in pointed allusion. Rabin's "Schlieffenplan:" an …
The Algerian flag.

Torture in Iraq: Lessons from Algeria

… These French units exploited the unclear lines of their own command authority to act somewhat independently of the rest of the military. This ambiguous command authority also allowed them to set up a vast network … the time between being rounded up as a suspect and officially documented as a prisoner was particularly …
An influenza hospital at Camp Funston

The 1918 Flu Pandemic

… in Kansas where few noticed the signs of the pandemic to come amid the ongoing war. On March 4, 1918 company cook Albert Gitchell, possibly patient zero, … outbreak. Fatalities peaked in November 1918. Military officials were often the first to realize the severity of …

Requiem: Detroit and the Fate of Urban America

… I saw the ad on a real estate web site a week ago. For sale: 3952 Chatsworth Street, Detroit, … the phalanx of government programs that made our world comfortable: the labor laws that gave our fathers the … white flight. And even as the black population spread, the official oppression—the relentless oppression—never lifted.  …
A teacher and her students in an elementary school classroom.

When a Good Public Education Becomes a Constitutional Right

… California has something to offer the nation as it comes to terms with last month’s Supreme Court ruling … Even more important, they provided easy ways to file complaints and measure compliance. Achieving such a sweeping … standards has depended upon the good will of elected officials, always a variable. If other states follow …
Liu Bang, or Emperor Gaozu of Han

Liu Bang, from Peasant Rebel to Emperor

… of China’s greatest imperial dynasty was, like Mao, a commoner. As with many dynastic founders, it is difficult to … born a peasant. Thus few details about his life before becoming emperor exist. Whereas his great rival for the … in China, then and today— and he became a minor provincial official. By this time, it would seem, his personal …
Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia By Spencer Tyce Book Cover.

Natural Laws and Predatory Lending for 3000 Years

Review of Beggar Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, by Charles R. Geisst Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… law, for instance, usury is now accepted as a standard accompaniment to the modern market economy. Indeed, one of … States has attempted to eliminate or severely regulate compound interest and usury, citizens and consumers … Geisst’s point here is that consumers and government officials did not understand how debt and debt acquisition …
Plate of enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Mexican Food in the United States

… Powder  The food tradition of the American Southwest has come about through various populations’ contributions over … Chili Queens . Though often derided by public health officials, these women street vendors in the main public … a military town with transient servicemen and as a tourist site based on a fantasy heritage of the Alamo brought in …
Man Celebrating Repeal Day with a banner that says "Good Old Days Are Back Again!"

Celebrating Repeal with a Drink, Not a Joint

… and Washington, the news media are now brimming with comparisons of alcohol to marijuana prohibition and “lessons … drinking habit. In 1970, two legal scholars wrote a comparison of alcohol and marijuana law that I believe still … The courts generally came to see the state legislatures as competent to decide whether drinking was a public evil and …
Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District

1885: A European Colonial Dream and an African Nightmare

… Conference on West Africa was signed.  The conference has become known for “carving up  the African continent ” for the … so much as help enable the process in a way that managed competitive  European colonial desires .  The colonial … and religious thinking.  Although initially the IAC and CFS officials relied on alliances with African rulers, as the …
The University of Algiers, ca. 1920.

The University of Algiers Library Bombing

… of thousands of books, periodicals, and manuscripts had become fuel for the flames.  Newspapers around the world … efforts, in April 1968, the University of Algiers library officially reopened.  Although it was eventually possible to … the issue of the destruction of cultural and intellectual sites in wartime is by no means resolved.  Recent United …