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A tractor purchased through the Marshall Plan for France.

Grand Fenwick, Afghanistan and Iraq

… Not any funny movie, but “The Mouse That Roared.” That 1959 comedy was based on the premise that by the late 1950s both … seek now. The best American policy for Afghanistan, and one that might make an attack on Iraq more successful, would be one in which Afghans clearly benefit from American …
Jean-Marie Le Pen in 2006.

Far Right’s Electoral Success in France has Deep History

… On Sunday [May 5], France goes to the polls for one of the most critical elections in decades. European and American commentators almost uniformly expressed shock at the … similar to these predecessors. “France for the French,” one of his National Front’s long-standing slogans, dominated …
Chinese nuclear bomb on display in China.

A Danger Shared by All

… is facing a nuclear proliferation crisis. Yet, to quote one of Bush’s predecessors, Dwight D. Eisenhower: “If a … against nuclear proliferation. North Korea may already have one or two nuclear bombs, and Iran is suspected of … Lyndon Johnson ordered a task force, the Gilpatric Committee (named after its chairman, former deputy defense …

Policing the Police: A Civil Rights Story

… hallways. Teachers gave lessons to help young students comprehend an American past with racial segregation, and how … she will learn about the parts of King’s dream that have gone unfulfilled. I hope she will come to understand the true … Like the rest of civil rights history, this story is not one of ultimate victory but of ongoing struggle. The Police …
A woman voting in the early 20th century.

Could We Postpone the Election — Even If We Wanted To?

… During the last four weeks, the Election Assistance Commission, the Justice Department and the Department of … will resist. Setting the date of national elections is one of the few powers that the Constitution specifically … ballots out 18 days before Election Day. In 2000, roughly one-third of the electorate in Washington state cast ballots …

Clampdown and Blowback: How State Repression Has Radicalized Islamist Groups in Egypt

… that the man’s predictions for the future of Egypt may be coming true. Since the coup that ousted Morsi, the Egyptian … the Muslim Brotherhood ( Jamā`at al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn ), one of the most important Islamic revivalist organizations … in August 2013 riots in the city of al-Minya which left one police officer dead. (A judge later commuted all but 37 …
Queen Elizabeth I in Parliament

The Pandora’s Box of Religious Pluralism in the English Reformation

Review of Heretics and Believers: A Short History of the English Reformation, by Peter Marshall New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017
… and religious images get out of hand: ‘he must be for all companies, and all men’s money.’” To the lay and scholastics alike, the first thoughts … text,” as he calls it, is surprisingly accessible no matter one’s degrees of knowledge about The Reformation. Divided …
Auguste Chouteau—Founder of St. Louis and Head of the Chouteau family

Blood Rules the Water: Kinship Diplomacy in Early America

Review of Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions Along the Mississippi, by Jacob F. Lee (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019)
… his reader back to a Middle America before Europeans, as commercial and military power shifted between Mississippian and Oneota (Ho-Chunk, Ioway, Missouria, and Otoe ) peoples. That … strength to dominate the region economically. Although one must be cautious about relying too much upon …
Celebrations for Jamaican Independence, 2012.

Jamaican Independence

… but tallawah island (“small but mighty” in Jamaican ) was one triumph in the long history of Black sovereignty and … Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League in Kingston in 1914. Though Garvey was … founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union and one of Jamaica’s two political parties, the Jamaica Labour …
El 5 de julio por S. Davies, Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

What’s Really At Stake in the Venezuelan Election

… will be no grounds for the United States to reject its outcome. Both U.S. presidential candidates have made … feed this sort of anachronistic anti-communism with one-sided coverage. Yet the more relevant historical analogy … live in poverty. Like Peron’s “descamisados” (shirtless ones), Chavez’s supporters are mostly poor and landless, the …
Bust of Abraham Lincoln.

Getting Wrong with Lincoln

… Warren Beatty’s pseudo-presidential campaign, he’s already done something that most candidates can only dream about. … about the greed of corporations and the danger of the “money power.” The trouble is that Lincoln never said any such … our more prominent pundits have actually repeated, and thus compounded, the movie star’s error. The bogus quotation …
H.G. Wells’s novel, War of the Worlds, described hissing, tentacled, tripodal invaders from Mars.

Orson Welles’s “War of the Worlds” Radio Broadcast

… an enterprising radio newsman unsatisfied with the comments from an obscure Midwestern astronomer, sped to … As for life on Mars, the odds were “a thousand to one.” Then they arrived, as if to mock the best expertise … scene.  But the intrepid reporter muscled his way, microphone in hand, directly in front of the fantastic events.   A …
Nuuk, Greenland skyline with the aurora borealis.

Greenland Fantasies

… parties, struggle with their sexuality, track “likes” and “comments” on Facebook, experience domestic abuse, and dream … to imagine it. To see beyond fantasies about Greenland, one must look to its history and culture. Only then can we … and Sigrid Björnsdóttir on September 16, 1408 CE. No one knows for sure how or why the settlements vanished …
Zombie scene from the 1968 film, Night of the Living Dead.

Top Ten Origins: Zombies: The Undead Shuffle

… on brains. Undead and not quite living, where do zombies come from and why are they here? The story of our … placed on corporal punishment. The zombie developed as one way to represent the anxieties and fears of Haitians … was always a threat—and the fear of zombification was one route through which colonial rulers controlled African …
Whig cartoon showing the effects of unemployment on a family that has portraits of Democratic Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren on the wall.

The Bank Crisis Blame Game, Then and Now

… our mess won’t solve our own. The causes of any panic are complex. Who we choose to blame determines the solutions we … panics of 1837 and 2008 share an element of surprise. No one believed in business cycles in 1837. Today, our faith in … unites these events.   Today’s panic is much like the one in 1837. Van Buren’s predecessor, Andrew Jackson, had …
Cartoonist Clifford Berryman depicts Uncle Sam after a hard-won U.S. victory in Santiago Bay, Cuba during the Spanish-American War.

What Happened When We Stayed the Course in Cuba

… remain determined, said Bush; if we waiver, Iraq will become another Vietnam. No one should be surprised that Bush or anyone else invokes the sad example of the nation's exit from …
Illustration of global public health by Giovanni Maki, 2004.

The WHO and International Public Health

… hold health conventions.” The PAHO still exists today as one of six regional working groups within the WHO. In … epidemiological data on infectious diseases, and offer recommendations on sanitation. The OIPH would later become a … from its ashes rose a new entity:  The United Nations .  One of the promises underpinning the UN was greater …
 Monte Albán

A Postcard From Oaxaca, Mexico

… mountain views, Oaxaca City also offers vistas of Mexico's complex history. In 1521, Hernán Cortés sent Captain José … Domingo de Guzmán. Some two hundred years later, the last stone was laid on this stunning example of architectural … its indigenous people on local culture. Along with Spanish, one can still hear Mixtec and Zapotec dialects spoken on its …
Film poster for Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995).

Top Ten Origins: Bollywood Films

… “Bollywood” is the name that the Anglophone press in India gave to Hindi-language cinema in the … were Bollywood films. In recent decades, Bollywood has become popular across the world with sizeable audiences in … a result of poverty, forcing her to care for her two sons alone. sole source of her family’s livelihood is a piece of …
Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) Book Cover

Ho Chi Minh: A Biography

Review of Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, by Pierre Brocheux (translation by Claire Duiker) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
… views throughout the global South, Ho Chi Minh remains one of the most important figures of the twentieth century. … at the fringes of European and Asian societies, Ho's complex experiences have been canonized at home and abroad, … his virtues, illusions, weaknesses, and faults like everyone else; as he once said to his friends, 'I am a normal …

After Putin? Russia's Presidential Elections

… 2000 and Time magazine's "Man of the Year" for 2007, has come to the end of his legal term limit and must step down. … Rather, to understand what will happen March 2 and after, one needs to look at what occurred in the 1990s in the wake … and nationalism. Even a "weakened" Russia remains one of the world's great powers. It plays a more and more …
Space Shuttle Columbia launching

Can We Boldly Go There Any More?

… atmosphere. The second fact will be relearned in the coming weeks as we emerge from our shock at this tragedy and … but how few. Though there have been several close calls, no one has actually died in space. Far more people died during … developing airplanes than have died in shuttle accidents. One reason for the lesser mortality among astronauts is that …

A Fresh Start for Pakistan?

… first time in Pakistan’s turbulent political history that one democratically elected government served out its full … shortages, regional disputes, a sluggish economy, U.S. drone strikes , and sour relations between the civilian … in 1947, Pakistan’s political elites have faced regional, communal, and religious obstacles to building a stable, …
Cover of A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty by Kirsten McKenzie.

What's in a Name?

Review of A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty , by Kirsten McKenzie (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2010)
One of the growing challenges facing our digitally-driven … suffering a "bad case of footnote paranoia" (291).  While completing a last minute source review before sending her previous book 1 to the press, she discovered that one case she had used to illustrate that book's …