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… (syphilis), artists explored social phenomena including commercialization, globalization, gender, race, and class. … Gallagher describes how scarring from venereal disease was compared to battlefield wounds as marks of honor, and were … a story of blanket misogyny in the 18 th century. Some authors like Charles Walker in Authentic Memoirs of the …

… th century—the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism throughout Eastern Europe . The opening of the … The events in Germany were part of a larger wave of anti-communist revolutions throughout Eastern Europe. The year … a struggle over how to remember the socialist era. Some advocated erasing all evidence of East Germany’s …

… over the trajectory of the on-going American military commitment in Iraq and Afghanistan has combined with memories of Vietnam and its aftermath to fuel … understanding of war—and I believe they are—then we have some intellectual re-tooling to do. I offer my own working …

… 75,000 troops. It was a costly war: Americans suffered some 6,000 dead and wounded. Perhaps 20,000 Filipino … force will be counterproductive in Iraq. Negotiation and compromise will help us sort out Iraqi patriots from … the Iraqi resistance have gotten the point. Saddam is never coming back, and Washington will not allow Muqtada al-Sadr, …

… 75,000 troops. It was a costly war: Americans suffered some 6,000 dead and wounded. Perhaps 20,000 Filipino … force will be counterproductive in Iraq. Negotiation and compromise will help us sort out Iraqi patriots from … the Iraqi resistance have gotten the point. Saddam is never coming back, and Washington will not allow Muqtada al-Sadr, …

… of psychedelic exploration . The Summer of Love marked the coming out party for the counter-culture we now associate … Band . It was received on both sides of the Atlantic with something approaching reverential awe. The Beatles had begun … later, as well as the music festivals we see today. In comparison to today’s bloated ticket prices, admission for …

… September 1959 Nikita Khrushchev, General Secretary of the Communist Party and Premier of the Soviet Union , arrived in … The opportunity to share in this journey, to imagine the complications and sheer exhaustion of meals, receptions, … to the Agricultural Research Service Center in Maryland. Some of them were not pleased to see him. Crowds, many of …

… Project ]. Canada’s Houses of Parliament (its House of Commons and the Senate chambers) sit on the unceded … their concerns even as the official national celebrations commemorating that history—which had so failed Indigenous … awakened the country to the urgency of Indigenous issues. Some Canadians look to history to make sense of the legacies …

… Association. Kimberly Hamlin So Stanton and Anthony and some of their followers in the group they formed, called the … call the Anthony Amendment, and what would eventually become the 19th Amendment. But not for a long time. California … support needed to pass a constitutional amendment. It was becoming less likely that a federal amendment was going to …

… driven hatreds reasserting themselves again. As such, some political pundits conclude, negotiations cannot overcome divine principles dictating distinct worldviews that … Rightly Guided Caliphs were chosen by a consensus of the community. This was not a democracy; it was instead a …

… lives or the devastation it has brought on families and communities across the nation. The historical origins of “mass incarceration” or what some have called “The New Jim Crow” are complex. But an important episode in the gradual development …

… South Asia’s geopolitical landscape, it also bears a more complex and lesser-known set of legacies for how we think … murder and deportation of the populace—the army of Pakistan committed war crimes that reached the level of genocide. … death toll vary, stretching from hundreds of thousands to some 3 million. Furthermore, the Pakistani army used rape as …

… Bolivian Atacama region, mainly led by Chilean and British companies. The mineral was used both as a fertilizer and in … that brought thousands of Chinese workers to labor in guano extraction and sugar plantations, forcing them into … and subjecting them to discrimination for decades to come. Though usually overlooked in claims of Hispanization, …

… of issues that helped to sway independent voters, to draw some reluctant Democrats to the polls, and to change the … for them to assert that voter discontentment came down to something as facile as historical inevitability. Democrats, … hand, would be wise not to take the recent election outcome as a clear mandate that Americans support an aggressive …

… The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Between Black and White: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations … Betw-een Black and -white: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations Despite the … by Claudine Gay I n the Northeastern city of Salvador, some 16,000 children work, beg and sleep on the streets …

… United States. The press, the government, and the medical community claim, often and loudly, that these numbers augur … the country’s resources. Still, amidst the alarmists, a few commentators acknowledge that aging itself has changed. Many … programs. By the time Franklin Roosevelt became president, some thirty states delivered pension programs, albeit …

… or not. Usually they move in different directions, but sometimes they converge to produce disasters like the one … consequences to explain how individual ambition served the common good. It’s not from the benevolence of the butcher, … unintended consequence of their self interest, mediated by competition, was better and cheaper meat, beer and bread. …

… The perfect companion to nearly any summer activity is a good book. And, … ultimately turning public suspicions on the town’s Jewish community. Despite the presence of other suspects (including … early 21 st centuries). During peak periods of emigration , some were invited (if not encouraged) to leave for the West, …

… suffering a "bad case of footnote paranoia" (291).  While completing a last minute source review before sending her … and nineteenth centuries" (294).  The basic story goes something like this.  In 1824 a sheriff in the Scottish town … and should not be treated, he decided to make himself "Commissioner appointed to receive and transmit to His …

… epidemiological data on infectious diseases, and offer recommendations on sanitation. The OIPH would later become a partner of the League of Nations Health Organization … of participation. The postwar world would have to build something new.  At the UN Conference on International …

… victory signals that the ERA has a renewed chance to become the 28 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. To be … years after Congress approved it, might  the ERA  become the 28 th  Amendment to the Constitution? And, if so, … opposed. In the 1930s, New Deal legislation extended some protections to all workers, regardless of gender, in …

… to fight on until the enemy is utterly vanquished has become our shared myth. But its appeal is as dangerous as it … sameness: Sept. 11 = Dec. 7. With this false equation, the complex history of United States – Muslim relations may be … else. Today, the Pearl Harbor myth encourages us to view some Muslims as agents of the devil, doing evil for evil’s …

… patients’ access to lifesaving medical assistance, all compounded by the emergence of a new variant that may be … to challenge the underlying health inequities that have become so glaringly apparent in India’s second coronavirus … to regulations issued by a foreign government, which were sometimes at odds with indigenous understandings of disease. …