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… and Saint-Denis were among the most organizationally complex and bureaucratically advanced entities operating below the level of the state in medieval Europe. As a consequence they have left historians … guide. Jordan has written widely on various subjects in medieval French history, and is perhaps the greatest living …

… to contested elections. When elections were questioned, common sense, rather than adherence to technicality, … and wrong initials of first names and last names were commonplace. Rather than throw out the ballots, as electoral … to electoral law. Thousands of other ballots with incomplete punches have not been counted because the …

… that of Nero’s by Vitellius. Damnatio memoriae was most common after regime change. Note however, that the names of … Iconoclasm was outlawed. The restoration of icons is commemorated today as the “Feast of Orthodoxy.” 3. A Papal … government passed a parliamentary resolution against “superstition and idolatry” and much iconoclasm ensued. The …

… children. What is different today is the often fatal outcomes of children's brutality towards one another, owing to … when one looks at gun deaths in the United States compared with other industrialized nations, that has … limitations of that perspective, too. Though the march's website invites "mothers, grandmothers, stepmothers, …

… own independence from tyranny. But before 9/11, astute commentators warned about grandiose calls for democracy to … the rule of law governs, and where with democracy will come responsibility for the political classes and the masses … opportunity, and one that the rest of the world should welcome. People who have their own property have a vested …

… to give black men full citizenship. For that much, Bush and company can claim a worthy lineage. But as early as 1876 — … the Democrats' political machines eagerly absorbed the newcomers. Republican machines, by contrast, reacted coolly … a vigorous civil rights bill, but the legislation almost died because of a Senate filibuster by Southern Democrats. …

… he stood on the shoulders of giants, so perhaps he’d welcome the gift.   Newton is famous for Principia Mathematica … here . Or, to tailor your explanations to various audiences, try this hilarious guide from The Guardian . Most … affects the other: God suffers nothing from the motion of bodies; bodies find no resistance from the omnipresence of …

… cultures, and belief systems. In the Late Antique and medieval eras, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and … was crucified. Elias bought Jesus’ robe from a Roman soldier at Golgotha and brought it back to Mtskheta. As he … only after St. Nino spent an entire night praying for it to come back. From its bark, once it was grounded, flowed holy …

… concerns. Whether subduing Iraq and Afghanistan, combating sex trafficking, restricting nuclear weaponry or … the United Nations, the grandest of all supranational bodies. A contested child custody case in Chile will be … or raising the bar on human rights, supranational bodies loom large in the domestic affairs of the world’s …

… battles with police, and, crucially, the mutiny of soldiers tasked with quelling the protests. Alarmed, Chairman … To delay is impossible.” The tsar did not reply, instead complaining that “Again that fat-belly Rodzianko has written … radical Petrograd Soviet (“Council”) of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. That the Provisional Government continued …

… Now that Ford Motor Company has announced its “Way Forward” restructuring plan, … founder Henry Ford. When Bill Ford’s new print and TV commercials proclaim that “Innovation Is Our Mission,” he … pictures and words in ads was certainly a risk. When Henry died in 1947, his once heroic reputation had sunk so low — …

… a chronic condition that can have serious, life-threatening complications if left untreated. Diabetes is caused when the … concoctions of herbs and seeds and, by the 18th century, dietary changes. In 1870, French pharmacist Apollinaire … most famously observed the importance of a sugar-free diet during the Franco-Prussian War. Research into the …

… In 1985, it seemed the Soviet Union would last forever. Its Communist Party rulers held a monopoly on political power. … of Eastern Europe —land won by the blood of Soviet soldiers in World War II —as tantamount to treason. They … to an end. Even more unexpectedly, one of the world’s two superpowers also came to an end. Since the October …

… George Santayana made one of the world’s best known comments about history when he said that those who learn … triumvirate of 1920s conservative Republican presidents, died in 1923 amid bribery and corruption scandals that were …

… five meters away on the opposite shore, two Jordanian soldiers looked on from the shelter of a reed-covered platform – no visitors had come to visit their side of the river yet that day. As the … Francesca de Châtel, 2013. According to the Yardenit website , this is one of the only places along the Jordan …

… American press corps will find a better way of handling the complex cultural dimensions of Vietnam’s re-engagement with … played up the irony of an icon of U.S. enterprise being welcomed by a once bitterly anti-American Communist Party. Once again, they have speculated that a …

… The decommissioning of weapons in Northern Ireland ought to be a … from an IRA arms dump by dissidents. Twenty-nine people died and more than three hundred were injured in this … If it does not, then people who are not yet born may die as a historic conflict enters its ninth century. Sean …

… The State Department is probably very pleased with the outcome of last week’s hostage crisis in Algeria, although … who joined the remnants of the earlier group (some had died or been released earlier). Not until 1796 did the new … for the captives pushed the government toward an expedient but costly resolution that involved paying large …

… atomic bombing of two Japanese cities. Most reporters and commentators who write about Hiroshima and Nagasaki … A few months later, one of the most popular radio commentators during the war years, Raymond Swing, declared … perhaps the most respected and influential newspaper commentator of all time, added his voice to the list of …

… the countries formerly designated as the “ East European communist bloc ” displayed a remarkable solidarity in … defending their country, even when that meant killing soldiers and civilians beyond the boundaries of one’s own … of sexual violence during the war remains woefully understudied and under-represented in the memory of World War II.  …