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A tractor purchased through the Marshall Plan for France.

Grand Fenwick, Afghanistan and Iraq

… before the war. Moreover, Western Europe remained safe from Soviet domination and was America’s best trading partner for … not poor. And while Peter Sellers in drag is a preposterous national leader, Saddam Hussein is a seriously murderous … M. Schocket is author of “Founding Corporate Power in Early National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture …
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was one of the bloodiest in history: 8 million people lost their lives in Europe's deadliest religious conflict.

Secularism, Past and Future

Review of Secularism: Politics, Religion, and Freedom, by Andrew Copson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)
… 1949, adopted after Gandhi has been assassinated by a Hindu nationalist, enshrined the elements of secularism in law. … particular faith. When the University of Texas surveyed 195 national constitutions from around the world, researchers … are as unexpected as they are frightening. 70 out of 195 national constitutions might be seen as a glass half full, …

Taiwan's 2008 Elections: A New Direction for the 'Other China'?

… of the year. In January, the opposition KMT (Kuomintang or Nationalist Party) had won the year's first crushing victory … As a teenager, he studied communism and engineering in the Soviet Union, and married a native Belarusian, who the Chinese …
Egyptian Leader Gamal Abdel-Nasser

Egypt Once Again Bans the Muslim Brotherhood, Sixty Years Later

… which he said would usher in a new era of independence and national sovereignty for his country. The British occupation … almost entirely on their ability to assert Egypt’s national aspirations, so a changed relationship with Britain … and politics, but it also has had a long history of nationalism and anti-colonial activism. In early 1950’s, the …

A History of Stolen Citizenship

… worked in ways that resembled slavery. This added up to a nationalization of the southern idea that all of those who … state, or selling their labor to manufacturers, became a national phenomenon. Inmates at a Washington State prison … spread to more states. All of the new states added to the union between 1889 and 1912, except Utah, enacted lifelong …
American Union Bank, New York City. April 26, 1932.

The Bailout: A Far Cry from Socialism

… Bush and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson joined an international effort to help troubled banks by buying stock in … banks were owned partly by either state governments or the national government. These included the first Bank of the … M. Schocket is author of “Founding Corporate Power in Early National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture …
President Gerald Ford in 1975.

The Forgotten Virtues of Gerald Ford

… political opponents, angered many Americans and gouged deep national wounds. The Vietnam War bitterly divided the … eloquent inaugural address, declaring that “our long national nightmare is over.” Three days after taking office, …
The Palins and McCains in Fairfax, Virginia, September 2008.

Why the Sarah Palin Gamble Didn’t Pay Off

… and able Senate leader who has performed well in the national spotlight. Obama’s carefully considered selection … quickly demonstrated that she possessed little knowledge of national and international issues.   Even conservative columnists criticized …
The Statue of Liberty in New York City.

Where Will “Liberation” Lead?

… dared to undertake a comprehensive land reform campaign, nationalize corporate property and open diplomatic relations … up to overthrow them. Yet that bastion of communism, the Soviet Union, a few years later turned toward the liberal reforms … Global/Transnational
The ship Ile de Sein laying fiber-optic cable off the west coast of Canada, 2007.

From the Transatlantic Telephone to the iPhone

… long-distance communication really begins with the Western Union post-diggers who laid the first American … in some ways dated back to the telegraphic age of Western Union in the 1860s) to help construct a new communication … cables, one that owes its origins to AT&T and Western Union’s innovations years ago. Today, over 95 percent of all …
Woodrow Wilson in 1911.

The Peril of Absolute Power

… argued that only a balance of power among states, the international equivalent of checks and balances, would preserve … leaders and diplomats once celebrated: the idea of an international order premised on law. Law protects the weak who … what would become the League of Nations, to adjudicate international conflicts according to higher principles. Americans …
Riot police officers in Kyiv, December 2013

A Postcard from Kyiv: A Year of Reckoning for Ukraine

… tensions between Russia and the United States/European Union that are reminiscent of the darkest of Cold War days. … a similar question after World War II. He was a critic of National Socialism at the dawn of Hitler's career. In …
Painting of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Memories of the Great War

… occupation or annexation. But there were movements for national independence in the region. And the ultimate goal … that's not just here in the Balkans, but also in the international media. And all of this has had been in the works … Serbs in the region view him even more now as a defender of national interest, and also a defender against foreign …
Senator J. William Fulbright in 1966.

Advice from the Past about Yugoslavia

… war during the Cuban missile crisis. Fortunately, he and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev negotiated a solution to … the Vietnam War was a civil war, that “the most effective nationalist movement is communist-controlled,” and that the …
The Trojan Nuclear Plant in 1973.

The Atomic Age

… megawatts, which is not even one-tenth of what the International Atomic Energy Agency forecast back in 1974.  … and central Europe and the collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union in 1991 brought an end to the Cold War. And that … Global/Transnational

Yearning to Breathe Free: The American Immigration Story

… slave trade. As borders were redrawn and a new international order sewn, some fourteen million displaced … Briefly allies in the war, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for laborers and looked to eastern Europe, … Diplomacy/International Relations … Global/Transnational

American Presidential Scandals

… between Trump and Russia extend as far back as the late Soviet era. Previously, the most outlandish and perplexing … the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City and the national Jeffersonian Republican coalition , and as a result … five men were arrested in the offices of the Democratic National Committee, located in the Watergate complex , while …
An unidentified U.S. Marine Corps corporal fires his weapon at a wounded, unarmed Iraqi lying on the floor of a gutted mosque in Fallujah, Nov. 13, 2004. by Kevin Sites found on NPR.org

Shooting the Wounded: What Are the Rules Now?

… case. Recent images from Abu Ghraib and Fallujah offend the national sense of decency. While there are always those who … only strengthen the insurgency and bring down more international outrage. The United States is faced with a … stronger and put the United States in violation of international law. Or the armed forces can continue to fight …
President George W. Bush in 2004.

Bush: Gaining on James Buchanan for Last Place

… The recent Republican National Convention presented George W. Bush’s presidency as … James Buchanan, who warmed the president’s chair while the Union disintegrated in his term (1857-61). The Civil War was … people. •  Insulted and ridiculed other nations and international organizations and then found it necessary to go, …
Logo of General Motors.svg

The Federal Government Should Hold On To General Motors

… significant share of the largest corporations at the time, national banks. They did so for two reasons. First, it was a … from bankers about government involvement in banks, early national banking corporations turned out to be hugely … M. Schocket is author of “Founding Corporate Power in Early National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture …
Botanic Blooming sagebrush on the great plains

Why the Great Plains Are Dying

… limits, restrain our use of resources, and re-imagine our national aspirations so that they were more environmentally …