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German and Indian troops as part of the international coalition to put down the Boxer Rebellion

History Shadows U.S.-China Relations

… China and Japan. When Bush gets to Beijing, however, one thing his hosts will have on their minds is the Boxer … of more than $30 million (then an astronomical amount) as compensation to foreign powers for the damage caused by the … Rebellion by impinging on China’s national sovereignty. One reason all this matters now is that a new issue of …
The Temple of Kukulkan at Chichén Itzá.

A Postcard From Chichén Itzá

… of Kukulkan at Chichén Itzá. Walking through Chichén Itzá, one of the central and sacred sites of the empire, visitors can both see and hear … triangular segments of Kukulkan’s body, leading to the stone snake’s head where the temple meets the earth. From the …
Cover of Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants: A Maritime History of the Early Modern Mediterranean by Molly Greene.

Pirates, Pirates Everywhere but Not Enough of Them in This Book

Review of Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants, by Molly Greene (Princeton University Press 2010)
… Pirates seem to have suddenly become popular in early modern history. Recently,  titles such … by others, which cast them as criminals, sometimes romantic ones, but outside the established legal system. That being … endorsement of such behavior. The Knights of St. John are one of the great anachronisms of history, a crusading order …
Zog I of Albania in front of the Albania Republic flag.

Albania’s First Republic

… Yugoslavia and the White Russian military, and only functioned for three years before Zog dissolved the government and … Republic became yet another failed attempt at creating one of Europe’s first stable majority-Muslim democracies.  … the multireligious provisional government was challenged by competing leadership, most notably the Republic of Central …
Sister Rosetta Tharpe

The Mother of Rock and Roll

… disc jockey Alan Freed crowing “That’s Bill Haley and the Comets rockin’ and rollin’ you with ‘Shake, Rattle and … set of origins. Sister Rosetta Tharpe On March 20, 1915, one of the most influential, if largely forgotten, creators … was playing the Cotton Club alongside Cab Calloway. She was one of the stars of a 1938 Carnegie Hall concert of black …
Neil Armstrong stands by the Lunar Module "Eagle" during the first walk on the moon in 1969.

Fly Me to the Moon

… and electrified those listening back home on Earth: “That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.” … Taskforce on February 1, 2016. That achievement has since become a benchmark in American culture. The expression “if we … the Moon provides a stepping-stone to Mars—a nearby test site before making the 36 million mile trip to the red …
New York stock market index from 1926 to 1939

Can the Global Crisis of the Nineties Lead to Another Great Depression?

… meltdown could create a Great Depression like the one that wrecked national economies in the 1930s. They … and the Nineties, and does history offer “lessons” from a comparison? Some of the similarities are certainly … same as the past. History cannot simply “repeat itself.” One important distinction is that the United States, the …
Nationalist poster depicting Pakistani atrocities during the war

The Bangladesh Liberation War

… South Asia’s geopolitical landscape, it also bears a more complex and lesser-known set of legacies for how we think … . At that time, the South Asian subcontinent was partitioned into two countries: India (including lands with a Hindu … of astounding magnitude. Monument to the teachers and officials of Dhaka University who were killed during the …
KKK members displaying the Nazi salute and Holocaust denial signs.

Facing Anti-Semitism and American History

… of many of the ghosts of history that haunt older nations. One such ghost is anti-Semitism, and with increasing … Americans to reexamine their past as well. Austria has become something of a pariah state because its governing … States was producing its own anti-Semitic demagogues. One of the most popular of these was Father Charles …
Cover of Health, Healing and Illness in African History by Rebekah Lee.

Africa's Medical History Revealed

Review of Health, Healing and Illness in African History, by Rebekah Lee (London: Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2021)
… of actors, including African patients themselves, families, communities, traditional healers, healthcare workers, and … The first section is organized chronologically. In chapter one, Lee takes the reader back to Africa’s precolonial past … lung disease is hidden from the medical history of Africa.” One strength of this fascinating medical history of Africa …
President Nixon photographed through a window explaining release of edited transcripts, April 29, 1974

Will There Be a Last Nixon Cover-Up?

… with the Nixon Foundation. John Taylor, a Nixon Foundation official, is negotiating the transfer of the records. As a … staff, I am alarmed by this news. As their administrations come to a close, presidents establish foundations to raise money for libraries to house their records. The National …
Voting booth exhibit at the George W. Bush Presidential Library.

God in the Voting Booth: How Religion Shapes the Politics of Both Republicans and Democrats

… Office in February 2025 to “assist faith-based entities, community organizations, and houses of worship in their … invoked religion to argue that their party was better positioned than the other to protect the nation’s morality. In the … in the Republican party platform than in the Democratic one, Christians in the Democratic Party insisted that …
The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Rus not Russia

… Underlying the 2022 war in Ukraine is another conflict, this one over the past. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin … is popular when it is turned into shows such as “Game of Thrones” and “Vikings,” but that of eastern Europe rarely … not acknowledge. Rusian pilgrims travelled to Santiago de Compostela in northern Iberia, as we see from the …
President George W. Bush

Policies for the Fearful: Rollback Then, Regime Change Now

… same whiff of hysteria about prospects for the future that one finds in current administration pronouncements about the … the test of the first Soviet atomic weapon in 1949. The combination of the Soviet Union’s atomic weapons and its … bringing about regime change in Panama thirteen years ago. One major problem, however, is the vast difference between …
The signing of the Magna Carta at Runnymede, as represented in a nineteenth-century engraving

The Magna Carta and Its Legacy

… (ecclesiastical censure) in England and to his own excommunication, the troubling loss of his French possessions, … plunged further into civil war. Yet today it is considered one of the most important documents in Anglo-American legal … the 1215 version of the Magna Carta survive, including this one in the British Library (Cotton MS Augustus ii.106) …
The flag of the World Health Organization, founded in 1948, flies over the WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

Tuberculosis and the Optimism of Biomedicine

… DDT were among the most important. But without the will and commitment on the part of governments, health care … spirit and determination should be applauded—and even, one can hope, emulated in our time as we watch the … the “largest mass action the world has ever known against one single disease.” In 1953, the doctor who carried out the …
Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam, by Lien-Hang T. Nguyen Book Cover.

Hanoi Central

Review of Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam, by Lien-Hang T. Nguyen Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012
… Le Duan and Le Duc Tho, the police state they and their comrades built in the North to solidify their power and … divided into four parts, with two chapters per part. Part One, "The Path to Revolutionary War," follows the early … of Foreign Affairs, and others. Nguyen interviewed numerous officials from both North and South Vietnam. She also relies …
Refugees eating lunch outside the barracks.

Waiting in Limbo: Life as a Refugee in Serbia

… Swat, Pakistan, where he was pursuing a graduate degree in computer engineering. He left seven months ago because he … a thousand new border hunters deployed solely to remove anyone who enters Hungary illegally. The “Balkan Route” in late … new arrivals in Belgrade . Eighty percent of refugees are officially registered and staying in open reception centers, …
President George W. Bush talking on the phone the day of the September 11th terrorist attacks.

War May Raise Serious Issues at Home

… in the fight and where to use federal government powers. A common myth about wartime is that everyone bands together in a common cause. Yet in the past, U.S. … war profiteers. Popular support for a war has been just one facet of domestic debate. Two themes in particular from …
Happy 2nd Lieutenant William Robertson and Lt. Alexander Sylvashko, Soviet Army, shown in front of sign [East Meets West] symbolizing the historic meeting of the Soviet and American Armies, near Torgau, Germany, 1945.

Top Ten Origins: The Best Moments in U.S.-Russian Relations

… the U.S. and Russia have never engaged in a hot war with one another, American pundits and politicians almost always … many friendly moments as well. These constructive episodes complicate a history that is often painted as invariably … Christie Brinkley and his daughter Alexa, the piano man visited Soviet Georgia and the grave of Soviet bard Vladimir …

Dirty Water: Federal Deregulation and the Re-Polluting of America

… have affected all types of environmental protections, one of the most significant reversed the 2015 Waters of the … Betsy Ann and Tom Green. From an ecological perspective—the one taken by most scientists and environmental activists—the … more and more reliant on toxic substances, the shortcomings of this approach became increasingly apparent. The …
In the 2020 presidential election (held using 2010 census data) Joe Biden received 306 (●) and Donald Trump 232 (●) of the total 538 electoral votes. In Maine (upper-right) and Nebraska (center), the small circled numbers indicate congressional districts. These are the only two states to use a district method for some of their allocated electors, instead of a complete winner-takes-all.

Arguing the Electoral College: Pro

… especially in times of political crisis like this one. But efforts to abolish the Electoral College have … passed Congress but failed to be ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the states. Why is that? The American … whose members can deliberately and calmly assess the outcome of an election and judge its impact upon the public …

Justice Denied: The Killing of Trayvon Martin in Historical Perspective

… Tallahassee hours earlier. Waiting for the verdict had become unbearable. On the charge of second-degree murder, the … found Zimmerman not guilty. The jury of five whites and one Latina reached the same conclusion on the lesser charge … with a crime for killing the unarmed black youth, police officials insisted that Florida’s Stand Your Ground law, …