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Chinese women putting up posters on a wall

Modern China and Its Institutions

Review of Making China Modern: From the Great Qing to Xi Jinping, by Klaus Mühlhahn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019)
… (1644-1912) to the present day. The book attempts to accomplish two tasks. First, it provides a general history of … wants to rewrite the general history of China for a broad audience, while emphasizing institutions’ role in regime … in the field. Although it is written with a more general audience in mind, Making China Modern is far too long because …
Under Attlee's direction, the Labour Party's position on foreign affairs in the 1930s was somewhat inconsistent. A believer in the "collective security" represented by the League of Nations, Attlee opposed rearmament even as he pushed for firmer measures against Nazi aggression.

A Sheep in Sheep’s Clothing

Review of Clement Attlee: The Man Who Made Modern Britain, by John Bew (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017).
… – the Labour Party emerged from the 1945 election with a commanding majority in the House of Commons – Attlee achieved what no other Labour leader had … to resume power again in the not-too-distant future. For his part, Attlee remained the leader of the …
1892 Populist Party presidential campaign button.

“Party Like It’s 1892!”

… in state and local races across the land.  Many pundits are comparing this election to the election of 1994, when anger … gambled wrong.  In that election, the GOP crushed this combined Democratic/Populist party, and the Populist Party … bees:  They sting one of the two major parties.  Then they die.   This is where the Tea Partiers find themselves now. …
President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Iran's nuclear ambitions and discusses North Korea's nuclear test.

Fighting a War in Name Only

… the global war on terror is the central event of our time, comparable to the great struggles of the last century … spending, the administration is sloughing that off onto future generations. Old timers will recall when big wars … through a major airport, visit a mall or grocery store, shop for a new car do anything you might have done on …
 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, failed to reach an agreement on the future governance of Sudan and how to integrate the RSF and … the start of a process to separate Arab and non-Arab communities, their leaders, and their justice systems.  If a …
From the 2011 UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa.

Top Ten Origins: Climate Change

… gasses drove rapid changes in global climate. Faster computers and better climate models have improved forecasts … temperature trend has been confirmed by many subsequent studies. The Earth is already warming. The ten hottest years … devastated the country and displaced millions. Several studies have pointed to both a regional drought and a global …
The South Korean flag in Seoul, South Korea.

The Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun and the Patterns of South Korean Politics

… different parties have gained the 20 seats necessary to become a “negotiation group”—a parliamentary caucus that holds … towards the president or the party leader, are the most common cause of this cycle of division and integration.  … its illegality, nor its decriminalization, rose to become animating factors for any party.  Lately, issues of …
"Freedom From Want" - NARA poster 1943

The Spirit of 1947: This Thanksgiving Feed a Silent Guest and Build World Peace

…  It’s a time to give thanks and, thanks to Black Friday, to shop. But it could also be a season when Americans take the … a peaceful Europe. At the time, many worried that Communism might gain power in Europe. Could a third world … they could not develop in mind or body. There could be no future for these countries under such conditions. Chaos …
A portrait of Slobodan Milosevic

Glory and the New World Order

… of years the kings of Europe sought glory through a combination of military victories like Lepanto, the great … beyond that of ordinary men, not just gangsters with soldiers and money. And so just like those European kings they … involvement in brutal local wars in which some U.S. soldiers, sailors and airmen, and many enemy civilians, would …
Pledge of Allegiance plaque

When Congress Tampers with the Court’s Independence

… the American people that the federal courts would not become oppressive, the framers of the Constitution argued that … Supreme Court consideration. John Marshall, who would become chief justice and do more than anyone to make the … of the authority to hear the case. The Pledge controversy comes at a time in the nation's history when fear of …
Barack Obama in 2008

How Eloquence Has Paved the Way to the White House

… into the White House primarily because they were effective communicators. In recent weeks the public has heard a good … comments, too. Hillary Clinton joked that Obama's audiences expect to hear "celestial choirs" promising that … that America was "moving" and that "our high noon is in the future." He inspired listeners with a promise of change. In …
UN forces crossing the 38th Parallel in 1950.

Why We Need to Rearm Iraq

… But if we fail to do it now, we’ll pay far more in the future. When the United States occupied Iraq last year, it … by hostile states or require an open-ended U.S. military commitment to Iraq. In short, this issue is of crucial … of events in the Middle East. It will also determine the future commitment of the United States to Iraq. Maj. Gen. …
Anti-draft protest outside the Department of Justice in 1967.

The Draft — for Democracy

… afford to do so continued their education, while their compatriots with lesser means often found themselves … service rates by African Americans, from the Buffalo Soldiers of the nineteenth century through World War II, … close to the breaking point. There now may not be enough soldiers to fulfill all the assigned missions. If the Bush …
The culminating moment of Alice, when the pretense of power is exposed and collapses. Carroll was very concerned throughout his life with giving a wide audience of people, not just his Christ Church students, the tools of logical thinking so that they would not be the victims of demagogues and ideologies.

Everyone’s Inner Child Turns 150 Years Old

… our own purposes as well. Zombie Alice at 2014 New York ComicCon. Cosplaying is one way people have taken ownership … what the painful and even fatal consequences were of disobedience. Carroll, however, was on the side of the child, an … was very concerned throughout his life with giving a wide audience of people, not just his Christ Church students, the …
“Aux amateurs de physique.” Likewise portraying the Tuileries flight, this cartoon mocks the unwashed masses who wished to see the spectacle without a ticket, but the scaling of the garden walls also illustrates how the balloon as a “people-machine” ignited the determination of the poorer, disempowered social strata to overcome restraints imposed on them by the authoritarian regime.

Public Perceptions: Ballooning and Political Culture

Review of The Imagined Empire: Balloon Enlightenments in Revolutionary Europe, by Mi Gyung Kim (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016)
… below portrays the craft as a “king-machine” that embodies the monarchy’s obligation to watch over its subjects … of the poorer, disempowered social strata to overcome restraints imposed on them by the authoritarian regime. …
Advertisement for DDT featured in Time Magazine, June 30, 1947. This image illustrates the rosy reputation that pesticides enjoyed before the publication of Silent Spring.

A World Drenched with Pesticides: Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring

… plants, while also accumulating in water , soil, and the bodies of fish, birds, and people.  Rachel Carson devoted her … on chemical over-use. While the public, USDA, chemical companies , and farmers embraced pesticides with a fervor … Elmore, Bartow J. Seed Money: Monsanto’s Past and Our Food Future. New York: W.W. Norton, 2021.  Lear, Linda. Rachel …
Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, 1922

The Long End of the Ottoman Empire

… Ottoman rule for centuries. The Balkan Wars saw atrocities committed against civilians on a massive scale. The … became more comprehensive in scope, total in intent, and future-oriented in outlook. They did not hesitate to uproot … Gingko Library, 2023 ) Hans-Lukas Kieser, When Democracy Died: The Middle East's Enduring Peace of Lausanne …
migrants walking down a road

Defining Refugees: 1921 and 1951

… work begun some 30 years earlier by the office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (HCR) of the League of Nations . Created on June 27, 1921, the position of High Commissioner was subsequently offered to the Norwegian … to the Status of Refugees did non-European refugees come to be defined in the same way. In both cases, the …
The historic Floyd County Courthouse in Rome, Georgia.

Marcus Dixon or Strom Thurmond: Which Is the Predator?

… to Vanderbilt University, will likely contemplate his own future while sitting in a cell block. Before the Civil War … husband when he was nine) declared that her son “may have committed a sin, but never committed a crime,” she … injustice can bubble up and wash away a young black man’s future with all the force of a mighty stream. When it comes …
Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier met in Munich with German and Italian dictators Adolf … countries agreed to hold an international conference on the future of Palestine — with one word: “Munich.” But Bush and … really premeditated collusion with the dictators to fight communism elsewhere. Had they carefully examined the …